Also known as Lokāyata, it is a system of Hindu philosophy that assumes various forms of philosophical skepticism and religious indifference. It is named after its founder, Cārvāka, author of the Bārhaspatya-sūtras.

Albertus made this a central component of his philosophical system, arguing that an understanding of the celestial influences affecting us could help us to live our lives more in accord with Christian precepts.

Amalric appears to have derived his philosophical system from Eriugena, whose principles he developed in a one-sided and strongly pantheistic form.

The system of Chinese astrology was elaborated during the Zhou dynasty ( 1046 – 256 BC ) and flourished during the Han Dynasty ( 2nd century BC to 2nd century AD ), during which all the familiar elements of traditional Chinese culture – the Yin-Yang philosophy, theory of the 5 elements, Heaven and Earth, Confucian morality – were brought together to formalise the philosophical principles of Chinese medicine and divination, astrology and alchemy.

Confucianism is a Chinese ethical and philosophical system developed from the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius ( 孔夫子 Kǒng Fūzǐ, or K ' ung-fu-tzu, lit.

Translations of Confucian texts influenced European thinkers of the period, particularly among the Deists and other philosophical groups of the Enlightenment who were interested by the integration of the system of morality of Confucius into Western civilization.

The School of Principle gained supremacy during the Song Dynasty with the philosophical system elaborated by Zhu Xi, which became mainstream and officially adopted by the government for the Imperial examinations under the Yuan Dynasty.

It is thought that such works had considerable importance on European thinkers of the period, particularly among the Deists and other philosophical groups of the Enlightenment who were interested by the integration of the system of morality of Confucius into Western civilization.

The argument is directed against the philosophical positions of functionalism and computationalism, which hold that the mind may be viewed as an information processing system operating on formal symbols.

His original system consisted of the four classical elements found in the ancient Greek traditions ( air, earth, fire and water ), in addition to two philosophical elements: sulphur, ‘ the stone which burns ’, which characterized the principle of combustibility, and mercury, which contained the idealized principle of metallic properties.

Understanding the problem of induction is central to grasping Hume's philosophical system.

In particular, the ideas of Confucius, translated into European languages by the Jesuits stationed in China, are thought to have had considerable influence on the deists and other philosophical groups of the Enlightenment who were interested by the integration of the system of morality of Confucius into Christianity.

Some commentators have said that it means that is not possible to think outside of the philosophical system, or that there is no experience of reality outside of language.

* Objectivism ( Ayn Rand ), a philosophical system based on the writings of Ayn Rand that advocates egoism

Through analysis of this and other of Hayek's works, Block purports, " in making the case against socialism, Hayek was led into making all sort of compromises with what otherwise appeared to be his own philosophical perspective – so much so, that if a system was erected on the basis of them, it would not differ too sharply from what this author explicitly opposed.

William Batchelder Greene ( 1819 – 1878 ) is best known for the works Mutual Banking ( 1850 ), which proposed an interest-free banking system, and Transcendentalism, a critique of the New England philosophical school.

Where Hegel argues that an ultimate understanding of the logical structure of the world is an understanding of the logical structure of God's mind, Kierkegaard asserting that for God reality can be a system but it cannot be so for any human individual because both reality and humans are incomplete and all philosophical systems imply completeness.

Sculpture representing two founders of Jainism: left, Rishabha ( Jain tirthankar ) | Rishabha first of the 24 tirthankara s ; right Mahavira, the last of those 24, who consolidated and reformed the religious and philosophical system.

The centre of Wycliffe's philosophical system is formed by the doctrine of the prior existence in the thought of God of all things and events.

Rather than starting with experience, Aristotle begins a priori with the law of noncontradiction as the fundamental axiom of an analytic philosophical system.

He rather tries to incorporate Nietzsche's thoughts into his own philosophical system of Being, Time and Dasein.

* Ayn Rand: Founder of the philosophical system Objectivism.

In these commentaries he presents his own philosophical system as a faithful interpretation of Plato, and in this he did not differ from other Neoplatonists, as he considered the Platonic texts to be divinely inspired ( ho theios Platon -- The divine Plato, inspired by God ) and therefore that they spoke often of things under a veil, hiding the truth from the philosophically uninitiate.

* Sir Francis Bacon ( 1561 – 1626 ) published Novum Organum in 1620, which outlined a new system of logic based on the process of reduction, which he offered as an improvement over Aristotle's philosophical process of syllogism.

As an astronomer, Tycho worked to combine what he saw as the geometrical benefits of the Copernican system with the philosophical benefits of the Ptolemaic system into his own model of the universe, the Tychonic system.

Aldous Huxley was a humanist, pacifist, and satirist, and he was latterly interested in spiritual subjects such as parapsychology and philosophical mysticism.

Indian art evolved with an emphasis on inducing special spiritual or philosophical states in the audience, or with representing them symbolically.

Affirm the cleanliness of the individual after the state of madness, aggressive complete madness of a world abandoned to the hands of bandits .” Formal goals, creative goals, self-expression, political goals, spiritual goals, philosophical goals, and even more perceptual or aesthetic goals have all been popular pictures of what art should be like.

The historical Buddha lived during a time of spiritual and philosophical revival in Northern India when the established mythologies and cosmological explanations of the vedas came under rational scrutiny.

This period produced some of India's finest art, considered the epitome of classical development, and the development of the main spiritual and philosophical systems which continued to be in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism.

New Religious Movement ( NRM ) is a term used to refer to a religious faith or an ethical, spiritual, or philosophical movement of recent origin that is not part of an established denomination, church, or religious body.

Traditional Korean martial arts place emphasis on the development of the practitioner's spiritual and philosophical development.

According to another theory, myths began as allegories for philosophical or spiritual concepts: Athena represents wise judgment, Aphrodite represents desire, etc.

Reincarnation is the religious or philosophical concept that the soul or spirit, after biological death, begins a new life in a new body that may be human, animal or spiritual depending on the moral quality of the previous life's actions.

In the first, more philosophically oriented phase, Steiner attempted to find a synthesis between science and mysticism ; his philosophical work of these years, which he termed spiritual science, sought to provide a connection between the cognitive path of Western philosophy and the inner and spiritual needs of the human being.

Just as the eye perceives colours and the ear sounds, so thinking perceives ideas .” A consistent thread that runs from his earliest philosophical phase through his later spiritual orientation is the goal of demonstrating that there are no essential limits to human knowledge.

During this period, Steiner maintained an original approach, replacing Madame Blavatsky's terminology with his own, and basing his spiritual research and teachings upon the Western esoteric and philosophical tradition.

Theologians use various forms of analysis and argument ( philosophical, ethnographic, historical, spiritual and others ) to help understand, explain, test, critique, defend or promote any of myriad religious topics.

In January 1934 Hitler granted Rosenberg responsibility for the spiritual and philosophical education of the Party and all related organizations.

Iaido is due to the general trend ( stemming from gendai budō ) to replace the suffix-jutsu with-dō in Japanese martial arts in order to emphasize a philosophical or spiritual component.

As such Haredim have created extensive outreach programs, conducted out of a deep love and concern for the spiritual well-being of other Jews ; on a philosophical level, the generation and beliefs of these movements are condemned as stemming from the widespread denigration of religion of the 19th century.

In his view, it was thoroughly devoid of spiritual and philosophical concepts.

As for his philosophical convictions, we have an interesting, probably authentic fragment of one of his writings ( On sacrifices ) where he expresses his view that God, who is the most beautiful being, cannot be influenced by prayers or sacrifices and has no wish to be worshipped by humans, but can be reached by a spiritual procedure involving nous ( intellect ), because he himself is pure nous and nous is also the greatest faculty of humankind.

Unity, known informally as Unity Church, is a spiritual philosophical movement within the wider New Thought movement and is best known to many through its Daily Word devotional publication.

Considering misunderstandings about Khayyám in the West and elsewhere, Hossein Nasr concludes by saying that if a correct study of the authentic rubaiyat is done, but along with the philosophical works, or even the spiritual biography entitled Sayr wa sulak ( Spiritual Wayfaring ), we can no longer view the man as a simple hedonistic wine-lover, or even an early skeptic, but a profound mystical thinker and scientist whose works are more important than some verses.

Plant's lyrics with Led Zeppelin were often mystical, philosophical and spiritual, alluding to events in classical and Norse mythology, such as " Immigrant Song ", which refers to Valhalla and Viking conquests.

New movements of Jewish Renewal and Neo-Hasidism, could find spiritual and philosophical insights from Jewish mysticism, outside of Orthodoxy.

membership is based on an initiatory system with a series of degree ceremonies that use ritual drama to establish fraternal bonds and impart spiritual and philosophical teachings.

is based upon a system of initiation ceremonies ( or degrees ) which use ritual drama to establish fraternal bonds between members as well as impart spiritual and philosophical teachings.