On November 20, 1880 the Progress Party brought the issue before the Prussian Diet, asking the government to take a stand on whether or not legal restrictions were to be introduced (" Interpellation Hänel ").

Interpellation is a concept in Marxist social and political theory associated in particular with the work of the philosopher Louis Althusser.

Althusser's concept has been roundly confused over the last decades with concepts and thinking associated with Michel Foucault, in part because both thinkers manifest an antihumanist insistence on the secondary status of the subject as mere effect of social relations and not vice versa.

Of the Marxist Humanist's reliance on the 1844 Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts Althusser writes, " We do not publish our own drafts, that is, our own mistakes, but we do sometimes publish other people's " ( cited in Gregory Elliot's " introduction: In the Mirror of Machiavelli " an introduction for Althusser's " Machiavelli and us ", p. xi ).

In opposition to this, Althusser's antihumanism downplays the role of human agency in the process of history.

Henri Lefebvre in Metaphilosophie ( 1965 ) argued, from a marxian standpoint, in favor of an " ontological break ", as a necessary methodological approach for critical social theory ( whilst criticizing Louis Althusser's " epistemological break " with subjective marxism, which represented a fundamental theoretical tool for the school of marxist structuralism ).

Rancière contributed to the influential volume Reading Capital ( though his contribution is not contained in the partial English translation ) before publicly breaking with Althusser over his attitude toward the May 1968 student uprising in Paris ; Rancière felt Althusser's theoretical stance didn't leave enough room for spontaneous popular uprising.

Postmodernism has also been associated with the rejection of enlightenment conceptions of the human subject by thinkers such as Michel Foucault, Claude Lévi-Strauss and, to a lesser extent, in Louis Althusser's attempt to reconcile Marxism with anti-humanism.

Many of Althusser's students broke with structural Marxism in the late 1960s and 1970s.

: I will argue that the whole of Althusser's theory is made up of the following elements: 1. common sense banalities expressed with the help of unnecessarily complicated neologisms ; 2. traditional Marxist concepts that are vague and ambiguous in Marx himself ( or in Engels ) and which remain, after Althusser's explanation, exactly as vague and ambiguous as they were before ; 3. some striking historical inexactitudes.

Rowlinson invokes the Marxist theorist Louis Althusser's extension of the argument that ideology is ahistorical, finding that Tennyson's poem " comes before an ideological construction for which it nonetheless makes people nostalgic ".

Kolakowski further argued that, despite Althusser's claims of scientific rigor, structural Marxism was unfalsifiable and thus unscientific, and was best understood as a quasi-religious ideology.

For this reason, Althusser's " anti-humanism " and Foucault's statements were criticized, by Jürgen Habermas and others, for misunderstanding that this led to a fatalist conception of social determinism.

In Lacan's psychoanalytic theory, for example, the structural order of " the Symbolic " is distinguished both from " the Real " and " the Imaginary "; similarly, in Althusser's Marxist theory, the structural order of the capitalist mode of production is distinct both from the actual, real agents involved in its relations and from the ideological forms in which those relations are understood.

Althusser's theory is interesting insofar as, contrary to Kuhn, it does not consider various paradigms to be incommensurable between themselves.

" Unlike Althusser's concept of agents as " bearers " of structures, structuration theory sees them as active participants.

Thus, for Althusser's reiterating of Marxist thought, overdetermination is what " determinant contradictions ", or capital-economic incongruities ( i. e., abstract labour resulting in " isolation " -- the class struggle ), which are analogous to Freud's " potent thoughts ", apply to instances that are more really, slight, understandable.

E. P. Thompson famously engaged Althusser in The Poverty of Theory, arguing that Althusser's theory overdetermined history, and left no space for historical revolt by the oppressed.

* Althusser's ' Problematic ' in the Context of the Vietnam War: Towards a Spectral Politics, in Rethinking Marxism, vol.

Althusser's argument here strongly draws from Jacques Lacan's concept of the mirror stage.

During the late 1970s and 1980s, Hirst became a critic of Althusser's brand of Marxism.

He contends this idea doesn't conflict with experiments on which the principle of conservation of matter and energy is based because some slight error must be assumed in such experiments.

Although they " were expecting to see activity in the brain's reward centers ", based on the idea that " people perform altruistic acts because they feel good about it ", what they found was that " another part of the brain was also involved, and it was quite sensitive to the difference between doing something for personal gain and doing it for someone else's gain ".

Woolfson, a songwriter and composer, was working as a session pianist ; he had also composed material for a concept album idea based on the work of Edgar Allan Poe.

Woolfson came up with the idea of making an album based on developments in the film industry, where directors such as Alfred Hitchcock and Stanley Kubrick were the focal point of the film's promotion, rather than individual film stars.

The idea that Domnall II of Strathclyde was a son of Áed, based on a confusing entry in the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba, is contested.

Atari Corp .' s later XE Games System revisited the idea of a console based on the 400 / 800 hardware.

But it is not known if any experiment based on this idea has been ever achieved.

Writers Sam Johnson and Chris Marcil suggested the idea of a character that the lads idolize even though he beats them up ; Judge based Todd on a teenaged bully who lived near him and terrified him as a kid.

From the late 1980s, Andersson had worked on an idea for an epic Swedish language musical based on his affection for traditional folk music, and in October 1995, Kristina från Duvemåla premiered in Sweden.

But in her effort to win Bulgaria for the Central Powers, and seeing the inevitability of Ottoman disintegration, was toying with the idea of replacing the Balkan area of the Ottomans with a friendly Greater Bulgaria in her San Stefano borders — an idea that was based on the German origin of the Bulgarian King and his anti-Russian sentiments.

In popular usage, this term is often used to refer to unfounded or weakly based speculation, leading to the idea that " It's not a conspiracy theory if it's actually true ".

Abelard in his Dialectica made an argument against the idea that the copula can express existence based on a reductio ad absurdum.

In Confucianism, the concept of li is closely related to yì (), which is based upon the idea of reciprocity.

If the air mass is colder than the ground below it, it is labeled k. If the air mass is warmer than the ground below it, it is labeled w. While air mass identification was originally used in weather forecasting during the 1950s, climatologists began to establish synoptic climatologies based on this idea in 1973.

Celery is often purported to be a " negative calorie food " based on the idea that the body will burn more calories during the digestion of the food than the body can extract from the food itself.

The idea of a clade did not exist in pre-Darwinian Linnaean taxonomy, which was based by necessity only on internal or external morphological similarities between organisms – although as it happens, many of the better known animal groups in Linnaeus ' original Systema Naturae ( notably among the vertebrate groups ) do represent clades.

The ' dynamics ' contribution is based on the idea of work, which is not used in the above rules of calculation.

This acclaimed work was presented over two discs ( unusual at the time ) and it took the idea of thematically based albums to a much higher appreciation by both critics and the public.

From this idea the dual inheritance theory is based, and in this theory biology and the arts work together to explain the growth of human behavior.

There is also a personal dualism in Christianity with a soul-body distinction based on the idea of an immaterial Christian Soul.

The 19th-century French mathematician Joseph Fourier made important contributions based on the idea that physical laws like

The Library of Congress Classification system was developed based mainly on the idea of literary warrant ; classes were added ( by individual experts in each area ) only when needed for works owned by the Library of Congress.

Planck's theory was based on the idea that black bodies emit light ( and other electromagnetic radiation ) only as discrete bundles or packets of energy.

Ward and Brownlee are open to the idea of evolution on other planets which is not based on essential Earth-like characteristics ( such as DNA and carbon ).