In metaphysics, Aristotelianism had a profound influence on philosophical and theological thinking in the Islamic and Jewish traditions in the Middle Ages, and it continues to influence Christian theology, especially the scholastic tradition of the Catholic Church.

Scholars such as Dierk Lange attribute the decline of ancient Ghana to numerous unrelated factors, only one of which can be likely attributable to internal dynastic struggles that were instigated by Almalvorid influence and Islamic pressures, but devoid of any military conversion and conquest.

These developments gave rise to the Islamist and Islamic movement opposed to the increasing communist and Soviet influence over Afghanistan.

In Europe a similar liquid process in open-topped crucibles took place which was probably less efficient than the Roman process and the use of the term tutty by Albertus Magnus in the 13th century suggests influence from Islamic technology.

With the emergence of Christianity and the rise of Islam, Constantinople became the last bastion of Christian Europe, standing at the fore of Islamic expansion, and repelling its influence.

While western Cairo is dominated by wide boulevards, open spaces, and modern architecture of European influence, the eastern half, having grown haphazardly over the centuries, is dominated by small lanes, crowded tenements, and Islamic architecture.

Religious food laws, such as Islamic dietary laws and Jewish dietary laws, can also exercise a strong influence on cuisine.

Later, in modern history ( 18th and 19th centuries ), many Islamic regions fell under the influence of European Great powers.

Global interests in Islamic regions, international conflicts and globalization changed the influence of Islam on the 21st century.

He also developed the principles of equilibrium states and centers of gravity, ideas that would influence the Islamic scholars, Galileo, and Newton.

Islamic culture has had a profound influence on the Malay people, but has also been influenced by them.

The Albanians, because of the higher degree of Islamic influence, their internal social divisions, and the fear that they would lose their Albanian-populated lands to the emerging Balkan states — Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria, and Greece — were the last of the Balkan peoples to desire division from the Ottoman Empire.

African art, Islamic art, Indian art, Chinese art, and Japanese art each had significant influence on Western art, and, eventually, vice-versa.

African art, Islamic art, Indian art, Chinese art, Korean Art, and Japanese art each had significant influence on Western art, and, vice-versa.

It carefully considers the interests of Islamic solidarity in its foreign policy decisions but generally has been an influence for moderation in the OIC.

Saudi Arabia attempted to compensate for its loss of prestige among these groups by repressing those domestic Islamists who attacked it ( bin Laden being a prime example ), and increasing aid to Islamic groups ( Islamist madrassas around the world and even aiding some violent Islamist groups ) that did not, but its pre-war influence on behalf of moderation was greatly reduced.

His National Islamic Front first gained influence when strongman General Gaafar al-Nimeiry invited members to serve in his government in 1979.

* The design of minarets in many early Egyptian Islamic mosques followed a similar three-stage design to that of the Pharos, attesting to the building's broader architectural influence.

Chairman Mustafa Abdul Jalil said Libya would become an Islamic democracy in the wake of Gaddafi's death, though the extent of Islamic law's influence would be determined by elected lawmakers.

In January 2008, Liberal MP Sophie Mirabella launched an attack on Fraser, after a speech he gave at Melbourne University on " the Bush Administration ( reversing ) 60 years of progress in establishing a law-based international system ", claiming errors and " either intellectual sloppiness or deliberate dishonesty ", and that he tacitly supports Islamic fundamentalism, should have no influence on foreign policy, and that his stance on the war on terror has left him open to caricature as a " frothing-at-the-mouth leftie ".

According to Islamic tradition, the history of Mecca goes back to Abraham ( Ibrahim ) who built the Kaaba with the help of his elder son Ishmael in around 2000 BCE when the inhabitants of what was then known as Bakkah had fallen away from the original monotheism of Abraham through the influence of the Amelkites.

Largely because of Songhai's influence, there was a blossoming of Islamic learning and culture.

Mahfouz had personally known Sayyid Qutb in his youth, when the latter was showing a greater interest in literary criticism than in Islamic fundamentalism ; Qutb later became a significant influence on the Muslim Brotherhood.

A Lebanese Moslem told about its existence and application in the Islamic tradition as the `` divine law '', while a C.A.I.P. member who has been working in close association with delegates of the new U.N. nations told of its widespread recognition on the African continent.

Arabic literature spans for over two millennium, it has three phases, the pre-Islamic, Islamic and modern.

Since its inception in the early 1990s, the group has carried out bombings, kidnappings, assassinations and extortion in what they describe as their fight for an independent Islamic province in the Philippines.

The nature of " being " has also been debated and explored in Islamic philosophy, notably by Ibn Sina, Suhrawardi, and Mulla Sadra.

Aside from relations with other ASEAN states, Brunei also has extensive relations with the Islamic and Arab world.

Rabbani was also the leader of Jamiat-e Islami Afghanistan ( Islamic Society of Afghanistan ), which has close ties to Pakistan's Jamaat-e-Islami.

He has been quoted as stating that Comoros is not ready to become an Islamic state, nor shall the veil be forced upon any women in the Comoros.

Nicknamed " The City of a Thousand Minarets " for its preponderance of Islamic architecture, Cairo has long been a centre of the region's political and cultural life.

Change of Islamic law is not possible, but were there a concubine in the modern era, she must be given all her due rights that Islam has preserved in the past.

A passage in Muhtasar kitab al-buldan illustrates the division of Islamic society into strata: " First are the rulers, whom their deserts has placed in the foremost rank ; second are the viziers, distinguished by wisdom and understanding ; third are the wealthy upper classes, lifted by their possessions ; fourth are the middle classes who are attached to the upper three by culture ( ta ' addub ); the remainder are the lowest classes that are filthy refuse, a torrent of scum, none of whom thinks of anything but food and sleep.

In Islamic North Africa, caste system has existed in recent centuries amongst the Tuareg people.

Cairo has been a crossroads of Arab commerce and culture for millennia, and its intellectual and Islamic institutions are at the center of the region's social and cultural landmark palace.

* Although the Government of Ethiopia has allied with local clans in opposition to the Transitional National Government in the past, it currently is supporting the Transitional Government against its main rival, the Islamic Courts Union.

In Modern Standard Arabic, fiqh has come to mean jurisprudence in general, be it Islamic or secular.

In nations where Islamic law is the basis of civil law, but has not been codified, as is the case of some Arab countries in the Middle East, fatwā by the national religious leadership are debated prior to being issued.

In the majority of Arab countries, however, Islamic law has been codified in each country according to its own rules, and is interpreted by the judicial system according to the national jurisprudence.

The closest such organism is the Islamic Fiqh Academy, ( a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation ( OIC )), which has 57 member states.

America has done this for decades without suffering the consequences of any punishment or protests about their oppressive and prejudiced position from the Islamic world.

In 2005, the Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei has issued the fatwā that the production, stockpiling and use of nuclear weapons are forbidden under Islam and that Iran shall never acquire these weapons.

The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan has close and friendly relations with a number of countries around the world, including: the United States, Japan, Germany, Turkey, India, China, Canada, Russia, United Arab Emirates and many others.

Islamic fundamentalism has appeared in many counties ; the Wahhabi version is promoted worldwide and financed by Saudi Arabia.

For instance, the Archbishop of Wales has criticized " atheistic fundamentalism " broadly and said " Any kind of fundamentalism, be it Biblical, atheistic or Islamic, is dangerous ".

In the United States, private or cultural intolerance of women wearing the hijab ( Islamic headcovering ) and political activism by Muslims also has been labeled " secular fundamentalism " by some Muslims in the U. S.

This work clearly contradicts the New Testament biblical accounts of Jesus and his ministry but has strong parallels with the Islamic faith, not only mentioning Muhammad by name, but including the shahadah ( chapter 39 ).