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It is a high-potency and an intermediate-acting benzodiazepine, and its uniqueness, advantages, and disadvantages are largely explained by its pharmacokinetic properties ( poor water and lipid solubility, high protein binding and anoxidative metabolism to a pharmacologically inactive glucuronide form ) and by its high relative potency ( lorazepam 1-2 mg is equal in effect to diazepam 10 to 20 mg ).
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is and high-potency
Lorazepam ( initially marketed under the brand names Ativan and Temesta ) is a high-potency, short-to intermediate-acting, 3-hydroxy benzodiazepine drug that has all six intrinsic benzodiazepine effects: anxiolytic, amnesic, sedative / hypnotic, anticonvulsant, antiemetic and muscle relaxant.
A high-potency artificial sweetener, called suosan, is derived from beta-alanine.
is and intermediate-acting
* Lente insulin – A type of insulin that is intermediate-acting, between NPH insulin and ultra-lente insulin.
* NPH insulin – A type of insulin that is intermediate-acting.
Estazolam is an intermediate-acting oral benzodiazepine.
is and benzodiazepine
There is a risk of a benzodiazepine withdrawal and rebound syndrome after continuous usage for longer than two weeks, and tolerance and dependence may occur if patients stay under this treatment for longer.
* Tofisopam ( Emandaxin and Grandaxin ) is a drug that is a benzodiazepine derivative.
For this reason, a low dose of a benzodiazepine is often used for several weeks when initiating SSRI / SNRI therapy in order to counteract the initial anxiety caused by the drugs until the therapeutic delay of the SSRI / SNRI is finished and the drug becomes effective.
A benzodiazepine ( sometimes colloquially " benzo "; often abbreviated " BZD ") is a psychoactive drug whose core chemical structure is the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring.
However, they are much less toxic than their predecessors, the barbiturates, and death rarely results when a benzodiazepine is the only drug taken ; however, when combined with other central nervous system depressants such as alcohol and opiates, the potential for toxicity and fatal overdose increases.
However, this advantage is offset by the possibility of developing benzodiazepine dependence.
Although major concerns about benzodiazepine tolerance and withdrawal have been raised, there is no evidence for significant dose escalation in patients using benzodiazepines long-term.
Chlordiazepoxide is the most commonly used benzodiazepine for alcohol detoxification, but diazepam may be used as an alternative.
Lorazepam is the only benzodiazepine with predictable intramuscular absorption and it is the most effective in preventing and controlling acute seizures.
Caution is exercised in this situation due to the occasional occurrence of respiratory depression, and it is recommended that benzodiazepine overdose treatment facilities should be available.
* Clonazepam, a benzodiazepine is used to treat many forms of parasomnia.
Another view maintains that cognitive deficits in chronic benzodiazepine users occur only for a short period after the dose, or that the anxiety disorders is the cause of these deficits.
Withdrawal symptoms are the new symptoms that occur when the benzodiazepine is stopped.
Antipsychotics are not recommended for benzodiazepine withdrawal ( or other CNS depressant withdrawal states ) especially clozapine, olanzapine or low potency phenothiazines e. g. chlorpromazine as they lower the seizure threshold and can worsen withdrawal effects ; if used extreme caution is required.
The use of flumazenil is controversial following benzodiazepine overdose.
The association of a past history of benzodiazepine use and cognitive decline is unclear, with some studies reporting a lower risk of cognitive decline in former users, some finding no association and some indicating an increased risk of cognitive decline.
There is growing evidence for the effectiveness of NMDA antagonists for benzodiazepine resistant catatonia.
A diagnosis is verified by a benzodiazepine or barbiturate test.
Morphine withdrawal is considered less dangerous than alcohol, barbiturate, or benzodiazepine withdrawal.
Blood tests, lumbar puncture or toxicology screening can be helpful in specific circumstances suggestive of an underlying cause like alcohol or benzodiazepine withdrawal, meningitis or drug overdose, but there is insufficient evidence to support their routine use in the work-up of an adult with an apparently unprovoked first seizure.
is and its
And all the time, she had the heat of hatred in her, like charcoal that is burning on its under side, but not visibly.
There was a measure of protection in its concrete walls and ceiling, but the engineers who hastily installed it were well aware that concrete is not much better than prayer, if as efficacious, when a direct hit comes along.
The long-settled areas of states like Virginia and South Carolina developed the ante-bellum culture to its richest flowering, and there the memory is more precious, and the consciousness of loss the greater.
As it is, they consider that the North is now reaping the fruits of excess egalitarianism, that in spite of its high standard of living the `` American way '' has been proved inferior to the English and Scandinavian ways, although they disapprove of the socialistic features of the latter.
Reduced to its simplest terms, it is an assumption of a collective duty to compensate for the inability of individuals to cope with the rigors of the era.
It is one of the ironic quirks of history that the viability and usefulness of nationalism and the territorial state are rapidly dissipating at precisely the time that the nation-state attained its highest number ( approximately 100 ).
While sovereignty has roots in antiquity, in its present usage it is essentially modern.
There is unceasing pressure, but its sources are immediate.
Others are confined to vast reservations, and not only does the Australian government justifiably not wish them to be viewed as exhibits in a zoo, but on their reservations they are extremely fugitive, shunning camps, coming together only for corroborees at which their strange culture comes to its highest pitch -- which is very low indeed.
But the South is, and has been for the past century, engaged in a wide-sweeping urbanization which, oddly enough, is not reflected in its literature.
All but the most rabid of Confederate flag wavers admit that the Old Southern tradition is defunct in actuality and sigh that its passing was accompanied by the disappearance of many genteel and aristocratic traditions of the reputedly languid ante-bellum way of life.
The answers derived by these means may determine not only the temporal organization of the dance but also its spatial design, special slips designating the location on the stage where the movement is to be performed.
The other variables include the dancer who is to perform the movement and the length of time he is to take in its performance.
Most of these, with horrible exceptions, were conceived as is a ship, not as an attempt to quell the ocean of mankind, nor to deny its force, but as a means to survive and enjoy it.
Hemingway's fiction is supported by a `` moral '' backbone and in its search for ultimate meaning hints at a religious dimension.
In addition, they have been converted to Zen Buddhism, with its glorification of all that is `` natural '' and mysteriously alive, the sense that everything in the world is flowing.
Jazz is good not only because it promotes wholeness but because of its decided sexual effect.
This confession serves to make clear in part what is behind this sexual revolution: the craving for sensation for its own sake, the need for change, for new experiences.
What one actually remembers is its greenness.
the mill-pond is quiet, its surface dark and shadowed, and there does not seem to be much water in it.
But the highroad, according to the description of its traffic, belongs to life as it is lived in unawareness of death, while the way to the churchyard belongs to some other sort of life: a suffering form, an existence wholly comprised in the awareness of death.
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