Now, although the roots of the mystery story in serious literature go back as far as Balzac, Dickens, and Poe, it was not until the closing decades of the 19th century that the private detective became an established figure in popular fiction.

At first glance this appears strange: of all people, was not America founded by rugged individualists who established a new way of life still inspiring `` undeveloped '' societies abroad??

It was established in a couple of buildings in the shopping district, with only a few professors, but all eminent men, and a few hundred eager students housed in nearby dwellings.

Her mother was a good manager and established a millinery business in Milwaukee.

Greek phone service is worse than French, so that it was to be some little time before contact of any sort was established.

After all, Pike was an established poet and his work had been published in the respectable periodicals of that center of American culture, Boston.

It was therefore not until the publication of J.H. Round's `` The Settlement Of The South And East Saxons '', and W.H. Stevenson's `` Dr. Guest And The English Conquest Of South Britain '', that a scientific basis for place-name studies was established.

He could no longer build anything, whether a private residence in his Pennsylvania county or a church in Brazil, without it being obvious that he had done it, and while here and there he was taken to task for again developing the same airy technique, they were such fanciful and sometimes even playful buildings that the public felt assured by its sense of recognition after a time, a quality of authentic uniqueness about them, which, once established by an artist as his private vision, is no longer disputable as to its other values.

So the pattern was established.

It was a quarter of seven when the crowd washed me up among the other gallants who had established the Astor steps as the beach-head from which to launch their night of merrymaking.

Once the principle was established, the increase in state-owned vehicles came rapidly.

In 1951 the pool's operation was transferred to the newly-created Department of Administration, an agency established as the central staff and auxiliary department of the state government.

Under the sponsorship of the Office of Naval Research and the Advanced Research Projects Agency, a data center was established to gather and index all published information on atomic transition probabilities.

A detailed energy balance of the anode was established.

When the early part of the gradient was flattened, either by using the gradient shown in Fig. 2 or by allowing the `` cone-sphere '' gradient to become established more slowly, Region 2 activity could sometimes be separated into two areas ( donors P. J. and R. S., Fig. 1 and E. M., Fig. 2 ).

The specificity of staining with Af was established as follows: Af specifically stained tumor sections but not sections of healthy sweet clover stems or of crown gall tumor tissue from sweet clover.

He took advantage of the antagonism between aggressive assertiveness and anxiety and found a relatively rapid disappearance of anxiety when the former attitude was established.

Since the writer had established this democratic procedure in the beginning he had to go along with their decision -- after, of course, pointing out whether he thought their decision was a wise or an unwise one.

Although the Taylor Scale was designed as a group testing device, in this study it was individually administered by psychologically trained workers who established rapport and assisted the children in reading the items.

Though little democracy had ever been practised in this region, and much of it was still ruled by feudalistic means, it was taken for granted that at least the forms of Western democracy would be established in this area and Western capitalism preserved within it.

Now, with virtually every writer, not only was the European origin of public law acknowledged as a historical phenomenon, but the rules thus established by the advanced civilizations of Europe were to be imposed on others.

After 1895 the number increases, and in the next thirty years there is only one year for which there is no dated poem -- 1903, when Hardy was at work on The Dynasts.

The single largest organization of Anthropologists is the American Anthropological Association ( AAA ), which was founded in 1903.

Ward died in 1903, not knowing the national stature his music would attain, as the music was only first applied to the song in 1904.

In the following year he became provisional Principal of the Theological College of Saint Thomas ( from which he had just graduated ), and in 1903 his appointment was made permanent.

By 1903 the Liberals were so dominant that there was no longer an organized opposition in Parliament.

In 1903, he was named vice-chancellor of the Catholic Church, and became the Chancellor of the Apostolic Chancery in the Secretariat of State in 1908.

At Pergamum there was discovered in 1903 a Hellenistic copy of the head of the Hermes " Propylaeus " of Alcamenes.

Alexander I or Aleksandar Obrenović ( Cyrillic: Александар Обреновић ; 14 August 1876 – 11 June 1903 ) was king of Serbia from 1889 to 1903 when he and his wife, Queen Draga, were assassinated by a group of Army officers, led by Colonel Dragutin Dimitrijević

His elder brother, Tom, was already a physician and suggested to his younger sibling that he follow the same career, and so in 1903, the younger Alexander enrolled at St Mary's Hospital Medical School in Paddington.

* Calamity Jane Martha Jane Canary ( May 1, 1852 – August 1, 1903 ), better known as Calamity Jane, was an American frontierswoman, and professional scout best known for her claim of being an acquaintance of Wild Bill Hickok.

Anaïs Nin (; born Angela Anaïs Juana Antolina Rosa Edelmira Nin y Culmell, February 21, 1903 – January 14, 1977 ) was a French-Cuban author, based at first in France and later in the United States, who published her journals, which span more than 60 years, beginning when she was 11 years old and ending shortly before her death, her erotic literature, and short stories.

In February 1903, two followers of Muhammad ` Alí, including Badi ' u ' llah and Siyyid ` Aliy-i-Afnan, broke with Muhammad ` Ali and wrote books and letters giving details of Muhammad ` Ali's plots and noting that what was circulating about ` Abdu ' l-Bahá was fabrication.

The Arrhenius definition of acid – base reactions is a development of the hydrogen theory of acids, devised by Svante Arrhenius, which was used to provide a modern definition of acids and bases that followed from his work with Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald in establishing the presence of ions in aqueous solution in 1884, and led to Arrhenius receiving the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1903 for " recognition of the extraordinary services ... rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation ".

The first delayed steal on record was performed by Miller Huggins in 1903.

" By the Way " was originally a column in the Globe, consisting of unsigned humorous pieces ; P. G. Wodehouse was assistant editor of the column from August 1903 and editor from August 1904 to May 1909, during which time he was assisted by Herbert Westbrook.

In 1901, Baltimore and McGraw were awarded an expansion franchise in the growing American League, but again the team was sacrificed in favor of a New York City franchise, as the team was transferred to New York in 1903.

The main weapons of assassination chosen organised the successful assassination of King Alexander I of Serbia and his consort Draga ; he confirmed that Captain Dragutin Dimitrijevic, who had personally led the group of Army officers who killed the royal couple in the Old Palace at Belgrade on the night of 28 / 29 May 1903 ( Old Style ), was also the Black Hand's leader.

The two had disagreed on the issue as early as March – May 1903, but it was not until the Congress that their differences became irreconcilable and split the party.

It opened in July 1903 in Kingston upon Thames, but the show was unsuccessful and it closed after two weeks.

While convalescing in his Virginia home he wrote a book recording his prison experiences and escape, entitled: They Shall Not Have Me Published originally in ( Helion's ) English by Dutton & Co. of New York, in 1943, the book was received by the press as a work of astonishing literary power and one of the most realistic accounts of World War 2, from the French side.

Even so apparently impartial a critic as W. H. Frohock has taken for granted that the book was originally intended as a piece of Loyalist propaganda ; ;

The solution reached in the agreement was more acceptable to the railroad than that originally included in a series of union demands.

First of all there was the parsonage, an utterly impossible place for civilized people to live in, originally poorly conceived, apparently not repaired for years, with no plumbing or sewage, with rat-holes and rot.

The work program, as it was originally proposed, was to take five years to complete.

The word marina was coined by NAEBM originally to describe a waterfront facility where recreational boats could find protection and basic needs to lay over in relative comfort.

A long book heavily weighted with military technicalities, in this edition it is neither so long nor so technical as it was originally.

The AMPAS was originally conceived by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studio boss Louis B. Mayer as a professional honorary organization to help improve the film industry ’ s image and help mediate labor disputes.

The term was originally coined in the 19th century by the founding sociologist and philosopher of science, Auguste Comte, and has become a major topic for psychologists ( especially evolutionary psychology researchers ), evolutionary biologists, and ethologists.

In Europe, the discipline originated as ethnology and was originally defined as the study of social organization in non-state societies, later redefined as social anthropology.

TWX originally used the earlier five-bit Baudot code, which was also used by the competing Telex teleprinter system.

The " elf-shot " originally indicated disease or death attributed to the elves, but it was later attested denoting arrow-heads which were used by witches to harm people, and also for healing rituals.

Here we have an apotropaic situation, where a god originally bringing the plague was invoked to end it.

The Afroasiatic language family was originally referred to as " Hamito-Semitic ", a term introduced in the 1860s by the German scholar Karl Richard Lepsius.

In law, an answer was originally a solemn assertion in opposition to someone or something, and thus generally any counter-statement or defense, a reply to a question or response, or objection, or a correct solution of a problem.

Ward had originally written the music, Materna, for the hymn O Mother dear, Jerusalem in 1882, though it was not first published until 1892.

In Cyrillic originally the letters were given names based on Slavic words ; this was later abandoned as well in favor of a system similar to that used in Latin.

The ampere was originally defined as one tenth of the CGS system electromagnetic unit of current ( now known as the abampere ), the amount of current that generates a force of two dynes per centimetre of length between two wires one centimetre apart.

The word archipelago was originally applied specifically to the Aegean Sea and its islands.

One of van Vogt's best-known novels of this period is Slan, which was originally serialised in Astounding Science Fiction ( September-December 1940 ).

Christopher Robin Milne's stuffed bear, originally named " Edward ", was renamed " Winnie-the-Pooh " after a Canadian black bear named Winnie ( after Winnipeg ), which was used as a military mascot in World War I, and left to London Zoo during the war.

The club was originally founded as a football team in 1891, with the name Buenos Aires English High School although it was obliged to change its name to Alumni Athletic Club ( the name was proposed by a former student of the English High School ) in 1901.