In They Do It With Mirrors ( 1952 ), it is mentioned that Miss Marple grew up in a cathedral close, and that she studied at an Italian finishing school with Americans Ruth Van Rydock and Caroline " Carrie " Louise Serrocold.

Americans of Italian and German ancestry were also targeted by these restrictions, including internment.

Many original freestyle artists, and DJs such as Jellybean, Tony Torres, Raul Soto and Roman Ricardo, were of Puerto Rican ancestry, which was one reason for the style's popularity among Latino Americans and Italian Americans, especially in the New York City area.

Although over 17 million Americans are of Italian descent, only a little over one million people in the United States speak Italian at home.

In the past two centuries, New England cooking was strongly influenced and transformed by Irish Americans, the Portuguese fishermen of coastal New England, and Italian Americans.

Rudolph Giuliani was born in an Italian-American enclave in East Flatbush in the New York City borough of Brooklyn, the only child of working-class parents, Harold Angelo Giuliani ( 1908 – 1981 ) and Helen ( née D ' Avanzo ; 1909 – 2002 ), both first-generation Americans, children of Italian immigrants.

During the late 19th century and early 20th century, Italian Americans were the second minority group ( next to African Americans ) most likely to be lynched.

Riots and lynchings against Italian Americans erupted into the 20th century in the South, as well as in New York City, Chicago, Philadelphia and Boston.

The terms submarine and sub are widespread and not assignable to any certain region, though many of the localized terms are clustered in the northeast United States, where most Italian Americans live.

Leone's Dollars Trilogy ( 1964 – 1967 ) was neither the entirety nor the beginning of the " spaghetti Western " cycle in Italy, but for Americans Leone's films represented the true beginning of the Italian invasion of their privileged cultural form.

Some Italian Americans on the East Coast and around the Chicago area refer to tomato sauce as " gravy ", " tomato gravy ", or " Sunday gravy ", especially sauces with a large quantity of meat simmered in them, similar to the Italian Neapolitan ragù.

Tomato gravy, which is distinct from the term as used by Italian Americans when referring to a type of tomato sauce particularly where tomatoes were a staple food.

* March 18 – President Roosevelt signs Executive Order 9102, creating the War Relocation Authority ( WRA ), which becomes responsible for the internment of Americans of Japanese and, to a lesser extent, German and Italian descent, many of them legal citizens.

* August 23 – Yusef Hawkins is shot in the Bensonhurst section of Brooklyn, New York, sparking racial tensions between African Americans and Italian Americans.

In addition, many Italian Americans, especially in the New York area, use the term " eh " as a general substitute for such basic greetings, such as " hey " or " hello ".

Finally, the depiction of the tragic story of Beppo shows a certain sympathy for the character of the poor Italian bootblack but also includes a callous disregard for depicting Italian immigrants in a stereotypical manner, an attitude that no doubt reflected the opinions of the majority of Americans at the time.

By the time it closed, it had held German and Japanese combatants and their families, Latin Americans and at least one Italian Latin American family, as well as German and Japanese American families.

Berkeley Heights, New Providence, Westfield, Summit, Cranford, Kenilworth, Clark, Linden, Union, Springfield and Scotch Plains have a very high number of Italian American residents, as well as a large number of Irish Americans and residents of Northern European descent in general.

* 1866 – Giovanni Agnelli, Italian businessman, founded Fiat S. p. A ( d. 1945 )

Another group of cloistered " Nuns of St Ambrose ", also called the Annunciatae ( Italian: Annunziate ) of Lombardy or " Sisters of St Marcellina ", were founded in 1408 by three young women of Pavia, Dorothea Morosini, Eleonora Contarini, and Veronica Duodi.

A. S. Roma was founded in the summer of 1927 when a secretary of the National Fascist Party, Italo Foschi, initiated the merger of three older Italian Football Championship clubs from the city of Rome ; Roman FC, SS Alba-Audace and Fortitudo-Pro Roma SGS.

National Alliance, launched in 1994, was officially founded in January 1995, when the Italian Social Movement ( MSI ), the former neo-fascist party, merged with conservative elements of the former Christian Democracy, which had disbanded in 1994 after two years of scandals and various splits due to corruption at its highest levels, exposed by the Mani Pulite investigation, and the Italian Liberal Party, disbanded in the same year.

In 1929, Gini founded the Italian Committee for the Study of Population Problems ( Comitato italiano per lo studio dei problemi della popolazione ) which, two years later, organised the first Population Congress in Rome.

Cesare's career was founded upon his father's ability to distribute patronage, along with his alliance with France ( reinforced by his marriage with Charlotte d ' Albret, sister of John III of Navarre ), in the course of the Italian Wars.

Ennius was born at Rudiae, an old Italian ( predominantly Oscan ) town historically founded by the Messapians.

Fascism was founded during World War I by Italian national syndicalists who combined left-wing and right-wing political views.

Fascism was founded during World War I by Italian national syndicalists who combined left-wing and right-wing political views.

Rome, a small city-state on the banks of the Tiber River traditionally founded in 753 BC, would grow to dominate the Italian Peninsula.

For about the next 10 years, the country saw a steady process of secular Westernization through Atatürk's Reforms, which included the unification of education ; the discontinuation of religious and other titles ; the closure of Islamic courts and the replacement of Islamic canon law with a secular civil code modeled after Switzerland's and a penal code modeled after the Italian Penal Code ; recognition of the equality between the sexes and the granting of full political rights to women on 5 December 1934 ; the language reform initiated by the newly founded Turkish Language Association ; replacement of the Ottoman Turkish alphabet with the new Turkish alphabet derived from the Latin alphabet ; the dress law ( the wearing of a fez, is outlawed ); the law on family names ; and many others.

* 1934 – Giorgio Armani, Italian fashion designer, founded the Armani Company

With help from the Italian city-states and other adventurers, notably King Sigurd I of Norway, Baldwin captured the port cities of Acre ( 1104 ), Beirut ( 1110 ), and Sidon ( 1111 ), while exerting his suzerainty over the other crusader states to the north – Edessa ( which he had founded in 1097 during the crusade ), Antioch, and Tripoli, which he helped capture in 1109.

From the 15th century in central and northern Italy, libraries of humanists and their enlightened patrons provided a nucleus around which an " academy " of scholars congregated in each Italian city of consequence. Malatesta Novello, lord of Cesena, founded the Malatestiana Library.

* 1932 – Valentino Garavani, Italian fashion designer, founded Valentino SpA company

The Mars Society Italian chapter ( Italian Mars Society ) was founded in 2005.

* Ordine Nuovo ( New Order ) far-right Italian organization founded in 1956

In rivalry with imported Italian opera productions, a separate French tradition was founded by the Italian Jean-Baptiste Lully at the court of King Louis XIV.

Italian radicals also maintained close links with republicanism, as well as with socialism, with the Partito radicale founded in 1955, which became the Transnational Radical Party in 1989.

* 1943 – World War II: The Nazi puppet state the Italian Social Republic is founded.

* 1936 – Stefano Delle Chiaie, Italian activist, founded National Vanguard

* 1947 – Giancarlo Minardi, Italian businessman, founded the Minardi Racing Team

In Italian, possibly following a tradition of antiquity, the Arcipelago ( from medieval Greek * ἀρχιπέλαγος ) was the proper name for the Aegean Sea and, later, usage shifted to refer to the Aegean Islands ( since the sea is remarkable for its large number of islands ).

Modern weapons include the Russian ZSU-23-4 Shilka and Tunguska-M1, South Korean K30 Biho and K263A1 radar-guided Vulcan, Chinese Type 95 SPAAA, Swedish CV9040 AAV, Polish PZA Loara, American M6 Bradley Linebacker and M1097 Humvee Avenger, Yugoslavian BOV-3, Canadian ADATS, aging German Gepard, Japanese Type 87 SPAAG and similar versions with the British Marksman turret ( which was also adapted for a number of other users ), Italian SIDAM 25 and Otomatic, and versions of the French AMX-13.

A number of Islamic writers and the 13th century Italian Marco Polo describe how this was obtained by sublimation from zinc ores and condensed onto clay or iron bars, archaeological examples of which have been identified at Kush in Iran.

In 2000, an excavation focusing on ancient ruins on Nelson's Island under Italian archaeologist Paolo Gallo uncovered a number of graves that date from the battle, as well as others buried there during the 1801 invasion.

A number of other European languages have cognate words that were borrowed from the Germanic languages during the Middle Ages, including brog in Irish, bwr or bwrc, meaning " wall, rampart " in Welsh, bourg in French, burg in Catalan ( in Catalonia there is a town named Burg ), borgo in Italian, and burgo in Spanish ( hence the place-name Burgos ).

As a boy he knew Virgil by heart and composed a number of poems in Italian and Latin.

In the Aeneid, Aeneas skirts the Italian island where Circe now dwells, and hears the cries of her many victims, who now number more than the pigs of earlier accounts:

There was a general reduction in the number of cavalry regiments in the British, French, Italian and other Western armies but it was still argued with conviction ( for example in the 1922 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica ) that mounted troops had a major role to play in future warfare.

Cesare was appointed commander of the papal armies with a number of Italian mercenaries, supported by 300 cavalry and 4, 000 Swiss infantry sent by the King of France.

Cervantes makes a number of references to the Italian poem Orlando furioso.

The Italian director-producer Mario Zampi also made a number of successful black comedies, including Laughter in Paradise ( 1951 ), The Naked Truth ( 1957 ) and Too Many Crooks ( 1958 ).

Because of the large number of races which were being termed ' Grands Prix ', the AIACR formally recognised the most important race of each of its affiliated national automobile clubs as International Grands Prix, or Grandes Épreuves, and in 1933 Monaco was ranked as such alongside the French, Belgian, Italian, and Spanish Grands Prix.

The Italian Socialist Party opposed the war on the grounds of internationalism, but a number of Italian revolutionary syndicalists supported intervention against Germany and Austria-Hungary on the grounds that their reactionary regimes needed to be defeated to ensure the success of socialism.

To appeal to Italian conservatives, Fascism adopted policies such as promoting family values, including promotion policies designed to reduce the number of women in the workforce limiting the woman's role to that of a mother.

In an effort to increase birthrates, the Italian Fascist government gave financial incentives to women who raised large families, and initiated policies designed to reduce the number of women employed.

Italian Fascism's economy was based on corporatism, and a number of other fascist movements similarly promoted corporatism.

In Italy, the Fascist period presided over the creation of the largest number of state-owned enterprises in Western Europe, such as the nationalisation of petroleum companies into a single state enterprise called the Italian General Agency for Petroleum ( Azienda Generale Italiani Petroli, AGIP ).

As the Axis forces dug in, Auchinleck — having drawn a number of German units to the coastal sector during the Tel el Eisa fighting — developed a plan — codenamed Operation Bacon — to attack the Italian Pavia and Brescia Divisions in the centre of the front at the Ruweisat ridge.

Italian dead were estimated to number 9, 500 to 12, 000.

Actual proof of the Milky Way consisting of many stars came in 1610 when the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei used a telescope to study the Milky Way and discovered that it is composed of a huge number of faint stars.

Giovanni Boccaccio (; 1313 – 21 December 1375 ) was an Italian author and poet, a friend, student, and correspondent of Petrarch, an important Renaissance humanist and the author of a number of notable works including the Decameron, On Famous Women, and his poetry in the Italian vernacular.

A collective head of state can exist in republics ( internal complexity ): e. g. nominal triumvirates ; the Directoire ; the seven-member Swiss Federal Council, where each member acts in turn as ceremonial chief of state ); Bosnia and Herzegovina ( three member presidium, from three different nations ); San Marino ( two " Captains-regent "), which maintains the tradition of Italian medieval republics, where there always was an even number of consuls.

These include a large number of ethnic restaurants including Chinese, Thai, Greek, Pakistani, Italian, Indian and Mexican.