Afonso I ( 25 June 1109, Guimarães or Viseu – 6 December 1185, Coimbra ), more commonly known as Afonso Henriques (), nicknamed " the Conqueror " (), " the Founder " () or " the Great " () by the Portuguese, and El-Bortukali (" the Portuguese ") and Ibn-Arrik (" son of Henry ", " Henriques ") by the Moors whom he fought, was the first King of Portugal.

Afonso I was the son of Henry of Burgundy and Theresa of León, the natural daughter of King Alfonso VI of León.

King Afonso I at the Siege of Lisbon.

In the papal bull Manifestis Probatum, Pope Alexander III acknowledged Afonso as King and Portugal as an independent crown with the right to conquer lands from the Moors.

Afonso II (; English Alphonzo ), or Affonso ( Archaic Portuguese ), Alfonso or Alphonso ( Portuguese-Galician ) or Alphonsus ( Latin version ), nicknamed " the Fat " ( Portuguese o Gordo ), King of Portugal, was born in Coimbra on 23 April 1185 and died on 25 March 1223 in the same city.

He was the second son of King Afonso II of Portugal and his wife, Urraca of Castile ; he succeeded his brother, King Sancho II of Portugal, who was removed from the throne on 4 January 1248.

As the second son of King Afonso II of Portugal, Afonso was not expected to inherit the throne, which was destined to go to his elder brother Sancho.

Afonso IV (; 8 February 1291 – 28 May 1357 ), called the Brave (), was King of Portugal and the Algarve from 1325 until his death.

In 1309, Afonso IV married Infanta Beatrice of Castile, daughter of King Sancho IV of Castile by his wife Maria de Molina.

The first-born of this union, Infanta Maria of Portugal, married King Alfonso XI of Castile in 1328, at the same time that Afonso IV's heir, Peter I of Portugal, was promised to another Castilian infanta, Constance of Peñafiel.

Inês on her knees in front of King Afonso

Henry de Montherlant's French drama La Reine morte was inspired by the conflict between King Afonso and Pedro and Inês.

Afonso married Beatrice of Castile ( 1293 – 1359 ) in 1309, daughter of Sancho IV, King of Castile, and María de Molina and had four sons and three daughters.

Afonso V (, originally Affonso ) KG ( 15 January 1432 – 28 August 1481 ), called the African (), was King of Portugal and the Algarves.

Afonso was born in Sintra, the eldest son of King Edward of Portugal by his wife, Eleanor of Aragon.

Opposition rose and without any important ally among the Portuguese aristocracy other than Afonso, Count of Barcelos, the illegitimate half brother of King Edward and count of Barcelos, the queen's position was untenable.

In the month of March in 1147 the fledgling King, Dom Afonso Henriques, defeated the Moors by capturing the city of Santarém.

King Afonso IV his father, believing that the family of Inês to be a threat to his own kingdom had her murdered.

* 1432 – King Afonso V of Portugal ( d. 1481 )

Through the Papal bull Manifestis Probatum, issued on May 23, 1179, he also recognized the right of Afonso I to proclaim himself King of Portugal – an important step in the process of Portugal becoming a recognized independent Kingdom.

At the court of Guimarães he was the councilor and spokesman for King Afonso III of Portugal in church matters.

He appointed Afonso III administrator of Portugal, and lent his protection to Ottokar, the son of the King of Bohemia.

* 1770 – James Cook names and lands on Possession Island, Queensland and claims the east coast of Australia as New South Wales in the name of King George III.

* 1457 BC – Likely date of the Battle of Megiddo between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of Kadesh, the first battle to have been recorded in what is accepted as relatively reliable detail.

* 1772 – Gustav III of Sweden stages a coup d ' état, in which he assumes power and enacts a new constitution that divides power between the Riksdag and the King.

* 1331 – King Stephen Uroš III, after months of anarchy, surrenders to his son and rival Stephen Dušan, who succeeds as King of Serbia.

* 1772 – King Gustav III completes his coup d ' état by adopting a new Constitution, ending half a century of parliamentary rule in Sweden and installing himself as an enlightened despot.

In 1137 Conrad III, the Hohenstaufen King of the Germans, deprived Albert's cousin and nemesis, Henry the Proud of his Saxon duchy, which was awarded to Albert if he could take it.

His only legitimate child and son, by his second wife, Alexander III succeeded him as King of Scots.

Alexander III ( Medieval Gaelic: Alaxandair mac Alaxandair ; Modern Gaelic: Alasdair mac Alasdair ) ( 4 September 1241 – 19 March 1286 ) was King of Scots from 1249 to his death.

Alexander had married Princess Margaret of England, a daughter of King Henry III of England and Eleanor of Provence, on 26 December 1251.

The name's popularity was spread throughout the Greek world by the military conquests of King Alexander III, commonly known as " Alexander the Great ".

* Alexander the Great ( Alexander III of Macedon ), King of Macedon, 356 – 323 BC

During this time, Alexios was rumored to be the lover of Empress Maria of Alania, the daughter of King Bagrat IV of Georgia, who had been successively married to Michael VII Doukas and his successor Nikephoros III Botaneiates, renowned for her beauty.

During Alexius II's reign, the Byzantine Empire was invaded by King Bela III losing Syrmia and Bosnia to the Kingdom of Hungary in AD 1181, later even Dalmatia was lost to the Venetians.

* 1775 – American Revolutionary War: King George III delivers his Proclamation of Rebellion to the Court of St. James's stating that the American colonies have proceeded to a state of open and avowed rebellion.

* 1796 – The Armistice of Cherasco is signed by Napoleon Bonaparte and Vittorio Amedeo III, the King of Sardinia, expanding French territory along the Mediterranean coast.

Alfonso III ( 1265, Valencia – 18 June 1291 AD ), called the Liberal ( el Liberal ) or the Free ( also " the Frank ," from el Franc ), was the King of Aragon and Count of Barcelona ( as Alfons II ) from 1285.

Alfonso IV, called the Kind ( also the Gentle or the Nice, ) ( 1299, Naples – 24 January 1336 ) was the King of Aragon and Count of Barcelona ( as Alfonso III ) from 1327 to his death.

He also married a Greek princess named Ladice daughter of King Battus III and made alliances with Polycrates of Samos and Croesus of Lydia.

Alfonso the Magnanimous KG ( also Alphonso ; ; 1396 – 27 June 1458 ) was the King of Aragon ( as Alfonso V ), Valencia ( as Alfonso III ), Majorca, Sardinia and Corsica ( as Alfonso II ), and Sicily and Count of Barcelona ( as Alfonso IV ) from 1416 and King of Naples ( as Alfonso I ) from 1442 until his death.

He was the younger son of King Béla III of Hungary, who invested him with the government of the Principality of Halych.

Andrew was the second son of King Béla III and his first wife, Agnes of Antioch.

Nevertheless, when Prince Vladimir II Yaroslavich of Halych, who had been expelled from his country by his subjects, fled to Hungary seeking for assistance in 1188, King Béla III had him arrested and occupied his principality and he invested Andrew with Halych.