* 1918 – Friedrich Karl von Hessen, a German prince elected by the Parliament of Finland to become King Väinö I, renounces the Finnish throne.

* 1189 – Friedrich Barbarossa arrives at Niš, the capital of Serbian King Stefan Nemanja, during the Third Crusade.

Marx wrote for the Young Hegelian journal, the Deutsche-Französische Jahrbücher, in which he criticised the censorship instructions issued by Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm IV.

The 1797 scheme came from the renowned Prussian architect Friedrich David Gilly ( 1772 – 1800 ), who proposed a monument to the former Prussian King, Friedrich II.

Wine merchant Friedrich Karl Christian Huth, whose great-grandfather had been kellermeister ( cellar-master ) to King Friedrich II back in 1769, had founded the firm in 1871 and taken over the former building in Potsdamer Straße on 23 March 1877.

* October 9 – Landgrave Friedrich Karl of Hessen-Kassel is elected King of Finland.

Friedrich III becomes Elector of Brandenburg-Prussia until 1701, when he becomes the first King of Prussia as Friedrich I.

* February 25 – King Friedrich I of Prussia ( b. 1657 )

In 1829 he was publicly crowned with laurel as the " king of Nordic poetry " and the " Scandinavian King of Song " ( by Bishop Esaias Tegnér, who would be his Swedish parallel ) in the cathedral of Lund, Sweden, based on a vast production of poetry, theatre plays and prose, inspired by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Gottlieb Fichte, and Friedrich von Schelling.

Mendelssohn became ( 1756 – 1759 ) the leading spirit of Friedrich Nicolai's important literary undertakings, the Bibliothek and the Literaturbriefe, and ran some risk ( which Frederick's good nature mitigated ) by criticizing the poems of the King of Prussia.

In August 1791, Frederick Augustus arranged a meeting with Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II and King Friedrich Wilhelm II of Prussia at Pillnitz Castle that was intended partly to offer support for the French monarchy in the face of revolutionary agitation in France.

Friedrich I of Prussia | Friedrich I, King of Prussia, being anointed by two Protestant bishops after his coronation at Königsberg in 1701.

Later that year he returned to Tyrol, where he joined the Elefantenbund, an alliance of noblemen against Friedrich IV, who had been banned by King Sigismund for aiding the flight of Antipope John XXIII from the Council of Constance.

With the help of the local population, especially the peasants, Friedrich was able to resist the King and the nobles and from 1418 onwards Friedrich pursued his enemies within Tyrol vigorously.

Friedrich immediately used the peace with King Sigismund to renew the siege of Castle Greifenstein.

Initially, King Sigismund backed Oswald, but when informed by the other side in the dispute, both Sigismund and Friedrich switched sides and reinstated bishop Ulrich.

When the guardianship of Sigismund ended on 25 July 1443 and Friedrich, now King Friedrich III of the Holy Roman Empire, decided to prolong it for another six years, the Landstände of Tyrol organized an open revolt.

Oswald became one of five military commanders and was tasked with the defence of the most important of all positions, the Mühlbacher Klause ( Mühlbach fortress ), which blocked the most likely invasion route from Styria, where King Friedrich had taken up residence.

The next session by the Landstände began in Meran on 16 May 1445, and as it was now clear that King Friedrich was not planning an attack, options were discussed on how to bring Sigismund to Tyrol.

Albert ( full name: Frederick Augustus Albert Anton Ferdinand Joseph Karl Maria Baptist Nepomuk Wilhelm Xaver Georg Fidelis ) ( Dresden, 23 April 1828 – Schloss Sibyllenort ( Szczodre ), 19 June 1902 ) was a King of Saxony and a member of the House of Wettin.

During the Siege of Paris on 18 January 1871, King Wilhelm I of Prussia was proclaimed German Emperor in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles.

In Versailles, King Wilhelm I of Prussia was proclaimed Emperor of Germany, and modern Germany was born.

During the Siege of Paris, the German princes assembled in the Hall of Mirrors of the Palace of Versailles and proclaimed the Prussian King Wilhelm I as the " German Emperor " on 18 January 1871.

With the accession of Wilhelm I to the newly-established imperial German throne, the titles of King of Prussia, Duke of Prussia and Elector of Brandenburg were always attached to the title of German Emperor.

The newly created emperor, Wilhelm I, as King of Prussia, had previously been head of state of the strongest state forming part of the new empire.

The people featured as cards in the set are: René Descartes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Voltaire, Mary Wollstonecraft, Wilhelm von Humboldt, Pierre Joseph Proudhon, Sojourner Truth, Karl Marx, Sitting Bull, Rosa Luxemburg, Peter Kropotkin, Emma Goldman, Gandhi, Martin Luther King, Jr., Bertrand Russell, Michel Foucault, and Avram Noam Chomsky.

* 1863 – Danish prince Wilhelm Georg is chosen as King George of Greece.

To solidify Prussian hegemony, Prussia and several other North German states joined the North German Confederation in 1867 ; King Wilhelm I served as its President, and Bismarck as its Chancellor.

To provoke France into declaring war with Prussia, Bismarck published the Ems Dispatch, a carefully edited version of a conversation between King Wilhelm and the French ambassador to Prussia, Count Benedetti.

After a heated argument in Bismarck's office Wilhelm, whom Bismarck had allowed to see a letter from Tsar Alexander III describing him as a " badly brought-up boy ", stormed out, after first ordering the rescinding of the Cabinet Order of 1851, which had forbidden Prussian Cabinet Ministers to report directly to the King of Prussia, requiring them instead to report via the Prime Minister.

* 1863 – Danish Prince Wilhelm arrives in Athens to assume his throne as George I, King of the Hellenes.

He met with King Ludwig III on 29 May, and later with Kaiser Wilhelm II and Chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg, who replied positively to the Papal initiative.

* Wilhelm Gottsreich Sigismond von Ormstein, Grand Duke of Cassel-Felstein, fictional King of Bohemia in " A Scandal in Bohemia " ( Sherlock Holmes adventure )

* March 30 – Prince Wilhelm George of Denmark is elected by the Hellenic Parliament as George, King of the Hellenes ; he will reign in Greece for fifty years.

* January 27 – Wilhelm II of Germany, last Emperor of Germany and King of Prussia ( d. 1941 )

* July 3 – Battle of Königgratz: the Prussian army under King Wilhelm and Helmuth von Moltke defeats the Austrian army of Ludwig von Benedek, leading to a decisive Prussian victory in the Austro-Prussian War.

The King of Prussia is declared the first German Emperor as Wilhelm I of Germany.

The complete Prussian and German victory brought about the final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia.

In early October 1539, the King finally accepted Cromwell's suggestion that he marry Anne, the sister of Duke Wilhelm of Cleves.

Wilhelm, Duke of Urach ( 1864 – 1928 ), had the distinction of being under consideration for five thrones at different times: that of King of Wurttemberg in the 1890s, as the senior agnate by primogeniture when it became likely that King William II would die without male descendants, leaving as heir Duke Albrecht of Wurttemberg, a more distantly related, albeit dynastic, royal kinsman ; Prince of Albania in 1913 ; Prince of Monaco as the next heir by proximity of blood following the Hereditary Prince Louis during a succession crisis resolved in July 1918 ; Grand Duke of Alsace-Lorraine in 1917, and his election by the Taryba as King of Lithuania in July 1918.

* 1770 – James Cook names and lands on Possession Island, Queensland and claims the east coast of Australia as New South Wales in the name of King George III.

* 1457 BC – Likely date of the Battle of Megiddo between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of Kadesh, the first battle to have been recorded in what is accepted as relatively reliable detail.

* 1772 – Gustav III of Sweden stages a coup d ' état, in which he assumes power and enacts a new constitution that divides power between the Riksdag and the King.

* 1331 – King Stephen Uroš III, after months of anarchy, surrenders to his son and rival Stephen Dušan, who succeeds as King of Serbia.

* 1772 – King Gustav III completes his coup d ' état by adopting a new Constitution, ending half a century of parliamentary rule in Sweden and installing himself as an enlightened despot.

In 1137 Conrad III, the Hohenstaufen King of the Germans, deprived Albert's cousin and nemesis, Henry the Proud of his Saxon duchy, which was awarded to Albert if he could take it.

His only legitimate child and son, by his second wife, Alexander III succeeded him as King of Scots.

Alexander III ( Medieval Gaelic: Alaxandair mac Alaxandair ; Modern Gaelic: Alasdair mac Alasdair ) ( 4 September 1241 – 19 March 1286 ) was King of Scots from 1249 to his death.

Alexander had married Princess Margaret of England, a daughter of King Henry III of England and Eleanor of Provence, on 26 December 1251.

The name's popularity was spread throughout the Greek world by the military conquests of King Alexander III, commonly known as " Alexander the Great ".

* Alexander the Great ( Alexander III of Macedon ), King of Macedon, 356 – 323 BC

During this time, Alexios was rumored to be the lover of Empress Maria of Alania, the daughter of King Bagrat IV of Georgia, who had been successively married to Michael VII Doukas and his successor Nikephoros III Botaneiates, renowned for her beauty.

During Alexius II's reign, the Byzantine Empire was invaded by King Bela III losing Syrmia and Bosnia to the Kingdom of Hungary in AD 1181, later even Dalmatia was lost to the Venetians.

* 1775 – American Revolutionary War: King George III delivers his Proclamation of Rebellion to the Court of St. James's stating that the American colonies have proceeded to a state of open and avowed rebellion.

* 1796 – The Armistice of Cherasco is signed by Napoleon Bonaparte and Vittorio Amedeo III, the King of Sardinia, expanding French territory along the Mediterranean coast.

In the papal bull Manifestis Probatum, Pope Alexander III acknowledged Afonso as King and Portugal as an independent crown with the right to conquer lands from the Moors.

Alfonso III ( 1265, Valencia – 18 June 1291 AD ), called the Liberal ( el Liberal ) or the Free ( also " the Frank ," from el Franc ), was the King of Aragon and Count of Barcelona ( as Alfons II ) from 1285.

Alfonso IV, called the Kind ( also the Gentle or the Nice, ) ( 1299, Naples – 24 January 1336 ) was the King of Aragon and Count of Barcelona ( as Alfonso III ) from 1327 to his death.

He also married a Greek princess named Ladice daughter of King Battus III and made alliances with Polycrates of Samos and Croesus of Lydia.

Alfonso the Magnanimous KG ( also Alphonso ; ; 1396 – 27 June 1458 ) was the King of Aragon ( as Alfonso V ), Valencia ( as Alfonso III ), Majorca, Sardinia and Corsica ( as Alfonso II ), and Sicily and Count of Barcelona ( as Alfonso IV ) from 1416 and King of Naples ( as Alfonso I ) from 1442 until his death.

He was the younger son of King Béla III of Hungary, who invested him with the government of the Principality of Halych.

Andrew was the second son of King Béla III and his first wife, Agnes of Antioch.

Nevertheless, when Prince Vladimir II Yaroslavich of Halych, who had been expelled from his country by his subjects, fled to Hungary seeking for assistance in 1188, King Béla III had him arrested and occupied his principality and he invested Andrew with Halych.