By the 11th and 12th century, the nomadic confederacy of the Cumans and ( Eastern ) Kipchaks ( who are considered to be either the eastern branch of the Cumans or a distinct but related tribe with whom the Cumans created a confederacy ) were the dominant force over the vast territories stretching from the present-day Kazakhstan, southern Russia, Ukraine, to southern Moldavia and western Wallachia.

During the Mongol empire, Kipchaks constituted a majority of the khanate comprising present-day Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan, called the Golden Horde, the westernmost division of the Mongol empire.

By the 11th and 12th century, the nomadic confederacy of the Cumans and ( Eastern ) Kipchaks ( who were a distinct tribe with whom the Cumans created a confederacy ) were the dominant force over the vast territories stretching from the present-day Kazakhstan, southern Russia, Ukraine, to southern Moldavia and western Wallachia.

Cumania was known in Islamic sources as Desht-i Qipchaq, which means " Steppe of the Kipchaks "; or " foreign land sheltering the Kipchaks ", in the Turkic languages.

Among others, he mentions the Kipchaks, the Turkophone Asi ( probably the same as the later Jassic tribe ) and the " Karaulaghi " ( Black, i. e. " from the north ", Vlachs ) It is to no surprise that while the general view of the Cumans is that they are Turanid, many historic sources describe the Cumans as strikingly handsome physically, having blond or red hair, and blue eyes.

* Pletneva S. A., " Kipchaks ", Moscow, ' Science ', 1990, ISBN 5-02-009542-7

* Pletneva S. A., " Kipchaks ", Moscow, 1990, ISBN 5-02-009542-7

Some translations read " Comani Brutakhi ", ( Comani Brutachi, qui sunt Iudii ) which seems to indicate an alignment with the Kipchaks ; however, this reading has been challenged by many historians who have asserted that there should be a comma between the Comani and Brutakhi.

, a medieval festival commemorating local history has been held in the village once in every year since 2004, on a July weekend in the summer.

Throughout ancient and medieval history, most architectural design and construction was carried out by artisans, such as stone masons and carpenters, rising to the role of master builder.

These authors, the former a medieval historian and the latter an early modernist, quickly became associated with the distinctive Annales approach, which combined geography, history, and the sociological approaches of the Année Sociologique ( many members of which were their colleagues at Strasbourg ) to produce an approach which rejected the predominant emphasis on politics, diplomacy and war of many 19th and early 20th-century historians as spearheaded by historians whom Febvre called Les Sorbonnistes.

Well known armour types in European history include the lorica hamata, lorica squamata, and the lorica segmentata of the Roman legions, the mail hauberk of the early medieval age, and the full steel plate harness worn by later medieval and renaissance knights, and breast and back plates worn by heavy cavalry in several European countries until the first year of World War I ( 1914 – 15 ).

Due to the rich mining history dating from medieval times ( the Black Forest was one of the most important mining regions of Europe circa 1100 ) there are many mines re-opened to the public.

In Gregory ’ s day, history was not recognized as an independent field of study ; it was a branch of grammar or rhetoric, and historia ( defined as ‘ story ’) summed up the approach of the learned when they wrote what was, at that time, considered ‘ history .’ Gregory ’ s Dialogues Book Two, then, an authentic medieval hagiography cast as a conversation between the Pope and his deacon Peter, is designed to teach spiritual lessons.

Studies in early and medieval Irish archaeology, history and literature in honour of Francis J. Byrne, ed.

The reign of Louis the Great ( 1342 – 1382 ) is considered the golden age of Croatian medieval history.

Medieval military doctrine employed them as part of a combined-arms force along with various kinds of foot troops ; however medieval chroniclers tended to pay undue attention to the knights at the expense of the rank and file, which led early students of military history to suppose that this heavy cavalry was the only force that mattered on medieval European battlefields, which was not the case.

This can be observed in the complexity even at the administrative and judicial level in the jurisdictional conflicts that fill medieval history.

Aelian's work is one of the sources of medieval natural history and of the bestiaries of the Middle Ages ; in some ways an allegory of the moral world, an Emblem Book.

According to Mircea Eliade, the medieval " Gioacchinian myth [...] of universal renovation in a more or less imminent future " has influenced a number of modern theories of history, such as those of Lessing ( who explicitly compares his views to those of medieval " enthusiasts "), Fichte, Hegel, and Schelling, and has also influenced a number of Russian writers.

Among numerous writers of the order in this period are: Cardinals Thomas Zigliara ( d. 1893 ) and Zephirin González ( d. 1894 ), two esteemed philosophers ; Father Alberto Guillelmotti ( d. 1893 ), historian of the Pontifical Navy, and Father Heinrich Denifle, one of the most famous writers on medieval history ( d. 1905 ).

* Crusaders in medieval Middle Eastern history

Hitler continued to refer to corporatism in propaganda, but it was not put into place, even though a number of Nazi officials such as Walther Darré, Gottfried Feder, Alfred Rosenburg, and Gregor Strasser were in favour of a neo-medievalist form of corporatism, since corporations had been influential in German history in the medieval era.

Supporters of Brown have suggested that the term should be expunged from history textbooks and lectures on medieval history entirely.

This changed the course of science in history, from a merely contemplative state, as it was found in ancient and medieval ages, to a practical, inventive state-that would have eventually led to the inventions that made possible the Industrial Revolutions of the following centuries.

Feminist historical theologians study the roles of women in periods throughout history that have impacted religion: the Biblical period, the early Christian era, medieval Europe, and any period of import to a particular religion.

The city is close to the former late medieval / modern boundary between West Slavic and Germanic lands and it has a complex political history with periods of Polish rule, periods of German rule, and extensive self-rule, with two spells as a free city.

Martin drew a lot of inspiration from medieval European history for the story of Westeros, in particular the Hundred Years ' War, the Crusades, the Albigensian Crusade and the Wars of the Roses.

The history of Kazakhstan describes the human past in the Eurasia's largest segment of the steppe belt that was the home and crossroads for numerous human groups starting with extinct Pithecanthropus and Sinanthropus 1 mln – 800, 000 in the Karatau Mountains, Caspian and Balkhash areas ; Neanderthals 140 – 40 thousand years ago in the Karatau Mountains and Central Kazakhstan, and the arrival of the modern Homo Sapiens 40 – 12 thousand years ago in the Southern, Central, and Eastern Kazakhstan.

Notwithstanding, this period was saturated with very important political events that had significant impact on the history of Almaty and Kazakhstan as a whole.

After studying in Moscow, Gaziza Zhubanova became the first woman classical composer in Kazakhstan, whose compositions reflect Kazakh history and folklore.

His 31st book, Inside Central Asia: A Political and Cultural History of Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkey and Iran, was listed as one of the best history books of the year by the Financial Times ( 2009 ).

For example, the Kazakh Foreign Affairs Minister, Marat Tazhin, recently emphasized that Kazakhstan attaches importance to the use of " positive potential Islam, learning of its history, culture and heritage.

In September 2006, the government announced that it is funding distribution of a multi million dollar movie called " Nomad ", about the new-created by Kazakhstan government history of the nation.

* Kazakhstan: history, geography, people, culture, traditions, holiday, living, life

* Military history of Kazakhstan

; Main article: Postage stamps and postal history of Kazakhstan

This Einstein android, also called " Albert Hubo ", thus represents the first full-body walking android in history ( see video at

* 1612 – The " Samlesbury witches ", three women from the Lancashire village of Samlesbury, England, are put on trial, accused for practicing witchcraft, one of the most famous witch trials in English history.

Alan Cameron, however, argues that it should be interpreted as referring to Plato, and that when Proclus writes that " we must bear in mind concerning this whole feat of the Athenians, that it is neither a mere myth nor unadorned history, although some take it as history and others as myth ", he is treating " Crantor's view as mere personal opinion, nothing more ; in fact he first quotes and then dismisses it as representing one of the two unacceptable extremes ".

Lisa commented that Marge's retelling of Mozart's history sounded like the film " Amadeus ", which Lisa described as inaccurate and then she pointed out Salieri was a respected composer.

Ulisse Aldrovandi ( 1522 – 1605 ) was considered the " father of natural history ", which included the study of plants.

Martyrdom was identified early in Church history as " baptism by blood ", enabling martyrs who had not been baptized by water to be saved.

The vision in first year of Darius the son of Ahasuerus ( 9: 1 ) concerning seventy weeks, or seventy " sevens ", apportioned for the history of the Israelites and of Jerusalem ( 9: 24 ) This consists of a meditation on the prediction in Jeremiah that the desolation of Jerusalem would last seventy years, a lengthy prayer by Daniel in which he pleads for God to restore Jerusalem and its temple, and an angelic explanation which focuses on a longer time period-" seventy sevens "-and a future restoration and destruction of city and temple by a coming ruler.

* " Burroughs B 5000 Conference, OH 98 ", Oral history on 6 September 1985, Marina del Ray, California.

Once labelled by Rolling Stone as " the most controversial woman in the history of rock ", Love's sometimes outrageous behavior has given her a lasting place in pop culture, as well as a polarizing reputation in the media.

The two most famous in recent history are the changing of the Hollywood Sign to read " Caltech ", by judiciously covering up certain parts of the letters, and the changing of the scoreboard to read Caltech 38, MIT 9 during the 1984 Rose Bowl Game.

Charlton won 7 – 6 on penalties, with the match described as " arguably the most dramatic game of football in Wembley ’ s history ", and were promoted to the Premier League.

Obtaining a medical history is always the first " test ", part of understanding the likelihood of significant disease, as detectable within the current limitations of clinical medicine.

According to Hugh S. Pyper, the biblical " founding myths of the Exodus and the exile, read as stories in which a nation is forged by maintaining its ideological and racial purity in the face of an oppressive great power ", entered " the rhetoric of nationalism throughout European history ", especially in Protestant countries and smaller nations.

In the 1980s, concept albums also became popular among rock bands like Kiss, with their album, 1981's Music from " The Elder ", which went on to become the group's poorest selling and charting album in their history, primarily because of its radical departure in musical style compared to Kiss's previous offerings.

When Seamus Heaney gave an Oxford lecture on the poet he opened by addressing the assembly, " Dylan Thomas is now as much a case history as a chapter in the history of poetry ", querying how ' Thomas the Poet ' is one of his forgotten attributes.

In " Deconstructing History ", Alun Munslow examines history in what he argues is a postmodern age.

Marx himself had talked about the " materialist conception of history ", which was later referred to as " historical materialism " by Engels.

Warren Roberts, among others, has pointed out the contrast between David's " public style " of painting, as shown in his history paintings, and his " private style ", as shown in his portraits.

Biblical scholars describe the Bible's theologically-motivated history writing as " salvation history ", meaning a history of God's saving actions that give identity to Israel-the promise of offspring and land to the ancestors, the exodus from Egypt ( in which God saves Israel from slavery ), the wilderness wandering, the revelation at Sinai, and the hope for the future life in the promised land.

Eschatology ( from the Greek, eschatos / eschatē / eschaton meaning " last " and-logy meaning " the study of ", first used in English around 1550 ) is a part of theology, philosophy, and futurology concerned with what are believed to be the final events of history, the ultimate destiny of humanity — commonly referred to as the " end of the world " or " end time ".