* Exchange between Schneider and Richard Lindzen is no longer available on the Cato Institute web site, but is available on the Internet Archive

A similar hypothesis put forth by Richard Lindzen is the iris hypothesis in which an increase in tropical sea surface temperatures results in less cirrus clouds and thus more infrared radiation emitted to space .< ref >

Richard Siegmund Lindzen ( born February 8, 1940 ) is an American atmospheric physicist and Alfred P. Sloan Professor of Meteorology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Lindzen's work on ozone photochemistry has been important in studies that look at the effects that anthropogenic ozone depletion will have on climate .< ref > See for instance the widely cited study The Lindzen and Blake formalism is used in the parameterization of radiative-photochemical damping ( see Appendix A ).</ ref >

In 1967, along with his NCAR colleague, Douglas D. McKenzie, Lindzen extended the theory to include a term for Newtonian cooling due to emission of infrared radiation by carbon dioxide in the stratosphere along with ozone photochemical processes, and then in 1968 he showed that the theory also predicted that the semi-diurnal oscillation would be insensitive to variations in the temperature profile, which is why it is observed so much more strongly and regularly at the surface.

In 1974 a theory was proposed by Stephen B. Fels and Lindzen to explain this so-called " superrotation " which held that the rotation is driven by the thermal atmospheric tide.

In a 2009 editorial in the Wall Street Journal, Lindzen points out that the earth was just emerging from the " Little Ice Age " in the 19th century and concludes that it is " not surprising " to see warming after that.

Christopher S. Bretherton, an atmospheric researcher at the University of Washington, said Lindzen is “ feeding upon an audience that wants to hear a certain message, and wants to hear it put forth by people with enough scientific reputation that it can be sustained for a while, even if it ’ s wrong science.

Jerry Mahlman, director of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, did not accept Lindzen's assessment of the science, and said that Lindzen had " sacrificed his luminosity by taking a stand that most of us feel is scientifically unsound.

" John Wallace of the University of Washington agreed with Lindzen that progress in climate change science had been exaggerated, but said there are " relatively few scientists who are as skeptical of the whole thing as Dick is.

The November 10, 2004 online version of Reason magazine reported that Lindzen is " willing to take bets that global average temperatures in 20 years will in fact be lower than they are now.

Lindzen is a recipient of the American Meteorological Society's Meisinger and Charney Awards, American Geophysical Union's Macelwane Medal, and the Leo Prize from the Wallin Foundation in Goteborg, Sweden.

Lindzen is an ISI highly cited researcher, and his biography has been included in American Men and Women of Science.

Perhaps the best known is Richard Lindzen, professor of meteorology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Convention speakers have included Richard Lindzen, a professor of meteorology at MIT ; Roy Spencer, a research scientist and climatologist at the University of Alabama at Huntsville ; S. Fred Singer, who is a senior fellow of the Heartland Institute and was founding dean of the School of Environmental and Planetary Sciences at the University of Miami and founding director of the National Weather Satellite Service ; Harrison Schmitt, a geologist and former NASA astronaut and Apollo 17 moonwalker ; and Dr. John Theon, atmospheric scientist and former NASA supervisor.

The November 10, 2004 online version of Reason magazine reported that Lindzen is " willing to take bets that global average temperatures in 20 years will in fact be lower than they are now.

He noticed from his equations that eastward-traveling waves ( known as Rossby waves since their discovery in 1939 by Carl-Gustav Rossby ) and westward-traveling waves ( which Lindzen himself helped in establishing as " atmospheric Kelvin waves ") with periods less than five days were " vertically trapped.

While holding the position of Research Scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research ( NCAR ) in Boulder, Colorado, Lindzen was noticed and befriended by Professor Sydney Chapman, who had contributed to the theory of atmospheric tides in a number of papers from the 1920s through to the 1940s.

Lindzen recalls his discovery of the mechanism underlying the QBO in the semi-autobiographical review article, On the development of the theory of the QBO .< ref > His interest in the phenomenon began in 1961 when his Ph. D. advisor, Richard M. Goody, speculated that the 26 month relaxation time for stratospheric ozone at in the tropics might somehow be related to the 26 month period of the QBO, and suggested investigation of this idea as a thesis topic.

The revised theory was published in the Holton and Lindzen ( 1972 ) paper, An updated theory for the quasibiennial cycle of the tropical stratosphere .< ref >

Lindzen has stated that due to the non-linear effects of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, CO < sub > 2 </ sub > levels are now around 30 % higher than pre-industrial levels but temperatures have responded by about 75 % of the expected value for a doubling of CO < sub > 2 </ sub >.

Lindzen subsequently publicly criticized the report summary for leaving out doubts about the weight that could be placed on 20 years of temperature records.

A May 1, 2012 New York Times article said that " at gatherings of climate change skeptics ... Dr. Lindzen has been treated as a star ", but that in the view of " the scientific majority ... he has gone beyond any reasonable reading of the evidence to provide a dangerous alibi for inaction.

" He cited as support for this the 1992 Heidelberg Appeal and the 1999 Oregon Petition, as well the opinions of individual scientists that he named including John Christy, Fred Singer, Richard Lindzen, Willie Soon and Sallie Baliunas.

Lindzen, however, says that he asked for 2 – 1 odds against a temperature rise of over 0. 4 ° C.

The Lindzen and Goody ( 1965 ) study has been widely cited as foundational in the exact modeling of middle atmosphere ozone photochemistry.

Satellite data from CERES has led researchers investigating Lindzen's theory to conclude that the Iris effect would instead warm the atmosphere .< ref > Lindzen disputed this, claiming that the negative feedback from high-level clouds was still larger than the weak positive feedback estimated by Lin et al .< ref >

In the 1970s it was recognized by Richard Lindzen and James Holton that the periodic wind reversal was driven by atmospheric waves emanating from the tropical troposphere that travel upwards and are dissipated in the stratosphere by radiative cooling.

Lindzen has published papers on Hadley circulation, monsoon meteorology, planetary atmospheres, hydrodynamic instability, mid-latitude weather, global heat transport, the water cycle, ice ages, seasonal atmospheric effects.

Lindzen went on to calculate the thermal response of the diurnal tide to ozone and water vapor absorption in detail and showed that when his theoretical developments were included, the surface pressure oscillation was predicted with approximately the magnitude and phase observed, as were most of the features of the diurnal wind oscillations in the mesosphere.

The op-ed section routinely publishes articles by scientists skeptical of the theory of global warming, including several essays by Richard Lindzen of MIT.

Lindzen attended the Bronx High School of Science ( winning Regents ' and National Merit Scholarships ,) Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and Harvard University.

It was Lindzen, in his 1966 paper, On the theory of the diurnal tide ,< ref > who showed that the solution set of Hough functions given by Bernard Haurwitz to Laplace's tidal equation was incomplete: modes with negative equivalent depths had been omitted.

" At the same time, an important paper by Booker and Bretherton ( 1967 ) appeared, which Lindzen read with great interest.

In his 1968 paper with James R. Holton, A theory of the quasi-biennial oscillation, Lindzen presented his theory of the QBO after testing it in a two-dimensional ( 2-D ) numerical model that had been developed by Holton and John M. Wallace .< ref > They showed that the QBO could be driven by vertically propagating gravity waves with phase speeds in both westward and eastward directions and that the oscillation arose through a mechanism involving a two-way feedback between the waves and the mean flow.

In particular, there was still no observational evidence of the westward-traveling " Kelvin " waves ; Lindzen postulated their existence theoretically .< ref > Actually, the evidence was coming in at the time, see However, Lindzen says in his 1987 recollections that he did not see this study until after the Lindzen and Holton ( 1968 ) paper was already submitted ( 1987, p. 330 ).</ ref >

Even the knowledge that she was losing another boy, as a mother always does when a marriage is made, did not prevent her from having the first carefree, dreamless sleep that she had known since they dropped down the canyon and into Bear Valley, way, way back there when they were crossing those other mountains.

All such imitations of negative quality have given rise to a compensatory response in the form of a heroic and highly individualistic humanism: if man can neither know nor love reality as it is, he can at least invent an artistic `` reality '' which is its own world and which can speak to man of purely personal and subjective qualities capable of being known and worthy of being loved.

In his stead is a milquetoast version known as `` the corporation ''.

On April 11th he wrote an open letter in The Advocate, making it known `` to the world that Jas. W. Robinson is by his own admission a base liar and a slanderer ''.

What is not so well known, however, and what is quite important for understanding the issues of this early quarrel, is the kind of attack on literature that Sidney was answering.

This was accordingly done, and the plight of the grateful Mrs. Morris was much relieved as a result of the generous loan, the amount of which is not known.

In spite of the armistice negotiated by Amadee two years earlier, the war between Bishop Guillaume of Lausanne and Louis of Savoy was still going on, and although little is known about it, that little proves that it was yet another phase of the struggle against French expansion and was closely interwoven with the larger conflict.

Since more is known about Quiney than about any other acquaintance of Shakespeare in Stratford, his career may be followed to its sudden end in 1602.

In light of the scholarly reappraisals engendered by the higher criticism this is a most remarkable statement, particularly coming from one who was well known for his antifundamentalist views.

Because of the means of publication -- science-fiction magazines and cheap paperbacks -- and because dystopian science fiction is still appearing in quantity the full range and extent of this phenomenon can hardly be known, though one fact is evident: the science-fiction imagination has been immensely fertile in its extrapolations.

Easily the best known of these three novels is The Space Merchants, a good example of a science-fiction dystopia which extrapolates much more than the impact of science on human life, though its most important warning is in this area, namely as to the use to which discoveries in the behavioral sciences may be put.

and it should be far better known than it is.

The story of the fatal crash is not fully known.

Now Richards, of course, is known as a deep thinker as baseball managers go.

Since little is known about autism, and almost nothing has been written for the layman, we'd like to share one experienced mother's comments.

First of all, it is now known that Pope John sees the renewal and purification of the Church as an absolutely necessary step toward Christian unity.

Of the handful of painters that Austria has produced in the 20th century, only one, Oskar Kokoschka, is widely known in the U.S..

It is known that at least five towns ( Barrington, Bristol, Narragansett, Newport and Westerly ) place some value on some boats for tax purposes.

As I have repeatedly stated, this provision is much more restrictive than the general law, popularly known as the Buy American Act.

This is a phenomenon familiar to all radio listeners, resulting from reflection of skywave signals at night from the ionized layer in the upper atmosphere known as the ionosphere.