Beginning with the replacement of the Reichsmark with the Deutsche Mark as legal tender, a lasting period of low inflation and rapid industrial growth was overseen by the government led by German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer and his minister of economics, Ludwig Erhard, raising West Germany from total wartime devastation to one of the most developed nations in modern Europe.

Ludwig Erhard ( 1897 – 1977 ) was in charge of economic policy as economics director for the British and American occupation zones and was Adenauer's long-time economics minister.

Norbert Walter, a former chief economist at Deutsche Bank, argues that " Germany owes its rapid economic advance after World War II to the system of the Social Market Economy, established by Ludwig Erhard.

He reconsidered, among other reasons, because he was afraid that Ludwig Erhard, whom Adenauer thought little of, would become the new chancellor.

Konrad Adenauer with minister of economics Ludwig Erhard, 1956.

Along with his Minister for Economic Affairs and successor Ludwig Erhard, the West German model of a " social market economy " ( a mixed economy with capitalism moderated by elements of social welfare and Catholic social teaching ) allowed for the boom period known as the Wirtschaftswunder (" economic miracle ") that produced broad prosperity.

Adenauer was not on good terms with his economics minister Ludwig Erhard and tried to block him from the chancellorship.

* Ludwig Erhard ( CDU ) – Minister of Economics

* Ludwig Erhard ( CDU ) – Minister of Economics

* Ludwig Erhard ( CDU ) – Vice Chancellor and Minister of Economics

* Ludwig Erhard ( CDU ) – Vice Chancellor and Minister of Economics

In 1966 following the collapse of the existing CDU / CSU-FDP coalition Kiesinger was elected to replace Ludwig Erhard as Chancellor, heading a new CDU / CSU-SPD alliance.

* Chancellor Ludwig Erhard ( West Germany )

* February 4 – Ludwig Erhard, Chancellor of Germany ( d. 1977 )

* October 20 – Ludwig Erhard is re-elected Chancellor of West Germany ( he had first been elected in 1963 ).

Ludwig Wilhelm Erhard (; 4 February 1897 – 5 May 1977 ) was a German politician affiliated with the CDU and Chancellor of West Germany from 1963 until 1966.

Ludwig Erhard with Konrad Adenauer in 1956

* Ludwig Erhard ( CDU ) – Chancellor

* Ludwig Erhard ( CDU ) – Chancellor

* Hentschel, Volker ( 1996 ) Ludwig Erhard: Ein Politikerleben.

* Mierzejewski, Alfred C. Ludwig Erhard: a biography ( 2004 ).

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* Molly Pitcher was a nickname given to a woman said to have fought in the American Battle of Monmouth, who is generally believed to have been Mary Ludwig Hays McCauly.

In addition he was a patron of the young Ludwig van Beethoven, who was born in Bonn in 1770 ; the elector financed the composer's first journey to Vienna.

Among them, Guderian claimed, was Chief of the General Staff Ludwig Beck ( 1935 – 38 ), who he alleged was skeptical that armored forces could be decisive.

Ludwig van Beethoven is also sometimes regarded either as a Romantic composer or a composer who was part of the transition to the Romantic.

The most fateful of the new generation was Ludwig van Beethoven, who launched his numbered works in 1794 with a set of three piano trios, which remain in the repertoire.

" " Ludwig " was soon identified as Rufus Wilmot Griswold, an editor, critic and anthologist who had borne a grudge against Poe since 1842.

The concept of ' psychopathic inferiorities ' had been recently popularised in Germany by Julius Ludwig August Koch, who proposed congenital and acquired types.

It was sometime after reading Socialism that Hayek began attending Ludwig von Mises ' private seminars, joining several of his university friends, including Fritz Machlup, Alfred Schutz, Felix Kaufmann, and Gottfried Haberler, who were also participating in Hayek's own, more general, private seminar.

In addition to Moore's own work on the paradox, the puzzle also inspired a great deal of work by Ludwig Wittgenstein, who described the paradox as the most impressive philosophical insight that Moore had ever introduced.

Later in 1822, a 30-year-old Rossini succeeded in meeting Ludwig van Beethoven, who was then aged 51, deaf, cantankerous and in failing health.

Through this society, Evans was introduced to more liberal theologies, and writers such as David Strauss and Ludwig Feuerbach, who cast doubt on the literal veracity of Biblical stories.

Heinrich's later interest in history was initially encouraged by his father, who had schooled him in the tales of the Iliad and the Odyssey and had given him a copy of Ludwig Jerrer's Illustrated History of the World for Christmas in 1829.

In 1850, Heinrich learned of the death of his brother, Ludwig, who had become wealthy as a speculator in the California gold fields.

" He became involved with a group of radical thinkers known as the Young Hegelians, who gathered around Ludwig Feuerbach and Bruno Bauer.

Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein ( 26 April 1889 – 29 April 1951 ) was an Austrian-British philosopher who worked primarily in logic, the philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of language.

By 1952 a theologian such as Ludwig Ott could, in a widely used and well-regarded manual, openly teach the possibility that children who die unbaptised might be saved for heaven — though he still represented their going to limbo as the commonly taught opinion.

Among the students who attended his workshops were Ludwig Hirschfeld Mack ( German / Australian ( 1893 – 1965 ), Hans Friedrich Grohs ( German 1892-1981 ) and Margarete Koehler-Bittkow ( German / American, 1898 – 1964 ).

During the late 1920s, ' 30s, and ' 40s, Bertrand Russell and Ludwig Wittgenstein's formalism was developed by a group of philosophers in Vienna and Berlin, who formed the Vienna Circle and Berlin Circle into a doctrine known as logical positivism ( or logical empiricism ).

According to Austrian economist Ludwig von Mises, who had met Weber during his time at the University of Vienna,

* 1913 – King Otto of Bavaria is deposed by his cousin, Prince Regent Ludwig, who assumes the title Ludwig III.

He met with King Ludwig III on 29 May, and later with Kaiser Wilhelm II and Chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg, who replied positively to the Papal initiative.

He was aided by the German priest Ludwig Kaas, who was known for his expertise in Church-state relations and was a full-time politician, politically active in the Catholic Centre Party, a party he led following Wilhelm Marx's resignation in October 1928.

Neither a trained theologian nor skilled in the business of the Curia, he was tactful and prudent in a difficult era, but Ludwig Pastor, who passes swiftly over his pontificate, says, " The numerous endeavours for unity made during this period form one of the saddest chapters in the history of the Church.

In the story, the main character, Dan Burke, meets an elfin professor, Albert Ludwig, who has invented a pair of goggles which enable " a movie that gives one sight and sound [...] taste, smell, and touch.