Beginning with the replacement of the Reichsmark with the Deutsche Mark as legal tender, a lasting period of low inflation and rapid industrial growth was overseen by the government led by German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer and his minister of economics, Ludwig Erhard, raising West Germany from total wartime devastation to one of the most developed nations in modern Europe.

Ludwig Erhard ( 1897 – 1977 ) was in charge of economic policy as economics director for the British and American occupation zones and was Adenauer's long-time economics minister.

Norbert Walter, a former chief economist at Deutsche Bank, argues that " Germany owes its rapid economic advance after World War II to the system of the Social Market Economy, established by Ludwig Erhard.

He reconsidered, among other reasons, because he was afraid that Ludwig Erhard, whom Adenauer thought little of, would become the new chancellor.

Konrad Adenauer with minister of economics Ludwig Erhard, 1956.

Along with his Minister for Economic Affairs and successor Ludwig Erhard, the West German model of a " social market economy " ( a mixed economy with capitalism moderated by elements of social welfare and Catholic social teaching ) allowed for the boom period known as the Wirtschaftswunder (" economic miracle ") that produced broad prosperity.

Adenauer was not on good terms with his economics minister Ludwig Erhard and tried to block him from the chancellorship.

* Ludwig Erhard ( CDU ) – Minister of Economics

* Ludwig Erhard ( CDU ) – Minister of Economics

* Ludwig Erhard ( CDU ) – Vice Chancellor and Minister of Economics

* Ludwig Erhard ( CDU ) – Vice Chancellor and Minister of Economics

In 1966 following the collapse of the existing CDU / CSU-FDP coalition Kiesinger was elected to replace Ludwig Erhard as Chancellor, heading a new CDU / CSU-SPD alliance.

* Chancellor Ludwig Erhard ( West Germany )

* February 4 – Ludwig Erhard, Chancellor of Germany ( d. 1977 )

* October 20 – Ludwig Erhard is re-elected Chancellor of West Germany ( he had first been elected in 1963 ).

Ludwig Wilhelm Erhard (; 4 February 1897 – 5 May 1977 ) was a German politician affiliated with the CDU and Chancellor of West Germany from 1963 until 1966.

* Ludwig Erhard ( CDU ) – Chancellor

* Ludwig Erhard ( CDU ) – Chancellor

* Hentschel, Volker ( 1996 ) Ludwig Erhard: Ein Politikerleben.

* Mierzejewski, Alfred C. Ludwig Erhard: a biography ( 2004 ).

* Erhard, Ludwig.

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Characterized as a sociopath and a hardened juvenile delinquent, Alex is also intelligent and quick-witted, with sophisticated taste in music, being particularly fond of Beethoven, or " Lovely Ludwig Van.

In 1256, the castrum of Abensprech was first mentioned, and on 12 June 1348, Ludwig, Margrave of Brandenburg, and his brother, Stephen, Duke of Bavaria, raised Abensberg to the status of a city, giving it the right to operate lower courts, enclose itself with a wall and hold markets.

Expanding upon the work of Lanchester, Ludwig Prandtl is credited with developing the mathematics behind thin-airfoil and lifting-line theories as well as work with boundary layers.

The most fateful of the new generation was Ludwig van Beethoven, who launched his numbered works in 1794 with a set of three piano trios, which remain in the repertoire.

* 1808 – Ludwig van Beethoven conducts and performs in concert at the Theater an der Wien, Vienna, with the premiere of his Fifth Symphony, Sixth Symphony, Fourth Piano Concerto ( performed by Beethoven himself ) and Choral Fantasy ( with Beethoven at the piano ).

Marx's materialism developed through his engagement with Ludwig Feuerbach.

Logical empiricism ( aka logical positivism or neopositivism ) was an early 20th century attempt to synthesize the essential ideas of British empiricism ( e. g. a strong emphasis on sensory experience as the basis for knowledge ) with certain insights from mathematical logic that had been developed by Gottlob Frege and Ludwig Wittgenstein.

Gathering on Sanssouci in the Marble Hall, with Voltaire, Casanova, d ' Argens, La Mettrie, James Francis Edward Keith | James Keith, George Keith, 10th Earl Marischal | George Keith, Friedrich Rudolf von Rothenburg, Christoph Ludwig von Stille, Karl Ludwig von Pöllnitz and Algarotti.

His mother often played with Wittgenstein's sisters, and had known Ludwig well.

He was, with Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein, and ( before them ) Gottlob Frege, one of the founders of the analytic tradition in philosophy.

The other early authors and works included Christian Heinrich Spiess, with his works Das Petermännchen ( 1793 ), Der alte Überall and Nirgends ( 1792 ), Die Löwenritter ( 1794 ), and Hans Heiling, vierter und letzter Regent der Erd-Luft-Feuer-und Wasser-Geister ( 1798 ), Heinrich von Kleist's short story Das Bettelweib von Locarno ( 1797 ) and Ludwig Tieck's Der blonde Eckbert ( 1797 ), Der Runenberg ( 1804 ).

Between 1961 and 1963, while an undergraduate student, North became acquainted with the works of Austrian School economists Ludwig von Mises, F. A.

After the attempts to achieve German national unity failed with the Revolutions of 1848, Wagner strongly relied on the picture of Henry as the actual ruler of all German tribes as advocated by pan-Germanist activists like Friedrich Ludwig Jahn.

Much of the mathematics behind information theory with events of different probabilities was developed for the field of thermodynamics by Ludwig Boltzmann and J. Willard Gibbs.

Murray Rothbard, a student of Ludwig von Mises, combined the Austrian school economics of his teacher with the absolutist views of human rights and rejection of the state he had absorbed from studying the individualist American anarchists of the 19th century such as Lysander Spooner and Benjamin Tucker.

* Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason with an historical introduction by Ludwig Noiré, available at

Joris Ivens ( left ) with Ernest Hemingway ( middle ) and Ludwig Renn in the Spanish civil war, 1936 / 37.

In his lifetime, Brahms's popularity and influence were considerable ; following a comment by the nineteenth-century conductor Hans von Bülow, he is sometimes grouped with Johann Sebastian Bach and Ludwig van Beethoven as one of the " Three Bs ".