Philosophically, dialectical materialism — that Man originates History through active consciousness — was originated by Moses Hess, and developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

Moreover, Joseph Dietzgen developed the hypotheses of dialectical materialism independent of Marx, Engels, and Hess.

As a philosopher, Dietzgen had constructed the theory of dialectical materialism independently of Marx and Friedrich Engels.

Marx himself had talked about the " materialist conception of history ", which was later referred to as " historical materialism " by Engels.

According to the famous Theses on Feuerbach ( 1845 ), philosophy had to stop " interpreting " the world in endless metaphysical debates, in order to start " changing " the world, as was being done by the rising workers ' movement observed by Engels in England ( Chartist movement ) and by Marx in France and Germany.

* 1848 – Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish The Communist Manifesto.

Marx and Engels wrote about other examples of guerrilla warfare during the American Civil War, by Tyroleans and Prussians against Napoleon, by Poland and the Caucasus against Imperial Russia, Pegu ( Burma ) against the British Empire.

Marx and Engels interchanged numerous letters on war and military science and Engels wrote about several military topics.

However, their efforts were unable to stop the spread of revolutionary movements: the middle classes had been deeply influenced by the ideals of the French revolution, the Industrial Revolution brought important economical and social changes, the lower classes started to be influenced by socialist, communist and anarchistic ideas ( especially those summarised by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in The Communist Manifesto ), and the preference of the new capitalists became Liberalism.

But what is true is that insofar as Marx and Engels regarded historical processes as law-governed processes, the possible future directions of historical development were to a great extent limited and conditioned by what happened before.

In 1880, about three years before Marx died, Friedrich Engels indicated that he accepted the usage of the term " historical materialism ".

( critical account which focusses on incoherencies in the thought of Marx, Engels and Lenin )

* Franz Mehring, On Historical Materialism ( classic statement by a contemporary and friend of Marx & Engels )

( Classical Marxist account of the philosophy of Marx, Engels, Lenin, Lukacs and Trotsky )

" Accordingly, some observers, including Karl Marx and Frederick Engels predicted that there soon would be a Russo-Turkish War.

However, Marx and Engels predicted that any such Russo-Turkish War would necessarily become a European War.

It was in Paris that, on 28 August 1844, Marx met German socialist Friedrich Engels at the Café de la Régence after becoming interested in the ideas that the latter had expressed in articles written for the Rheinische Zeitung and the Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher.

Engels showed Marx his recently published book, The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844, which convinced Marx that the working class would be the agent and instrument of the final revolution in history.

Engels and Marx soon set about writing a criticism of the philosophical ideas of Marx's former friend, the Young Hegelian Bruno Bauer, which would be published in 1845 as The Holy Family.

In 1845 Marx and Engels visited the leaders of the Chartists, a socialist movement in Britain, using the trip as an opportunity to study in various libraries in London and Manchester.

First published on 21 February 1848, it laid out the beliefs of the Communist League, a group who had come increasingly under the influence of Marx and Engels, who argued that the League must make their aims and intentions clear to the general public rather than hiding them as they had formerly been doing.

Designed to put forward news from across Europe with his own Marxist interpretation of events, Marx remained one of its primary writers, accompanied by other fellow members of the Communist League who wrote for the paper, although despite their input it remained, according to Friedrich Engels, " a simple dictatorship by Marx ", who dominated the choice of content.

For Marx, what defined feudalism was that the power of the ruling class ( the aristocracy ) rested on their control of arable land, leading to a class society based upon the exploitation of the peasants who farm these lands, typically under serfdom.

Marx is typically cited, with Émile Durkheim and Max Weber, as one of the three principal architects of modern social science.

Marx is typically cited, along with Émile Durkheim and Max Weber, as one of the three principal architects of modern social science.

Émile Durkheim, Karl Marx and Max Weber are typically cited as the principal architects of modern social science by this definition.

Durkheim, Marx, and Weber are more typically cited as the fathers of contemporary social science.

In fact, in Das Kapital, Karl Marx typically assumed the existence of purely competitive markets.

Marx generator diagrams ; Although the left capacitor has the greatest charge rate, the generator is typically allowed to charge for a long period of time, and all capacitors eventually reach the same charge voltage.

Weber noted how corporate executives control firms they typically do not own ; Marx would have placed these people in the proletariat despite their high incomes by virtue of the fact they sell their labor instead of owning capital.

Durkheim, Marx, and Weber are typically cited as the three principal architects of modern social science.

Durkheim, Marx, and Weber are more typically cited as the fathers of contemporary social science.

This is strictly a value ratio, a relationship between value proportions, not to be confused with the rate of profit on capital invested, since the amount of surplus value yielded by a capital investment, corresponding to a certain quantity of labour-time expended in production, typically diverges from that part of the surplus value which is realized as profit, since at any time products are likely to be traded above or below their value, rather than at prices which exactly reflect their value ( Marx often assumes for the purpose of his analysis that the total mass of profit and the total surplus-value are the same magnitude, although in reality they can vary from each other, due to continual changes in labour productivity across time, imperfect pricing, and imperfect competition ).

Aside from its use in music, the harp occasionally appears in the Marx Brothers ' movies when Harpo plays it.

Here Marx is drawing a distinction between exchange value ( which is the subject of the LTV ) and use value.

With the advent of the industrial revolution, thinkers such as Proudhon and Marx elaborated the comparison between wage labor and slavery in the context of a critique of societal property not intended for active personal use, while Luddites emphasized the dehumanization brought about by machines.

Karl Marx analysed Crusoe in his classic work Das Kapital, mocking the heavy use in classical economics of the fictional story.

All five requests were for each station to broadcast on channel 7 ; Frank Marx, ABC's vice president in charge of engineering, thought at the time that the low-band ( channels 2 through 6 ) TV channels would be reallocated for military use, thus making these five stations broadcasting on VHF channel 7 the lowest on the TV dial and therefore the best channel positions.

In the Theories of Surplus Value (" Volume IV " of Das Kapital, 1863 ), Marx refines this theory to distinguish between scenarios where the destruction of ( commodity ) values affects either use values or exchange values or both together.

Making use of Dmitriev ´ s analysis of Ricardo, Bortkiewicz proved that the data used by Marx was sufficient to calculate the general profit rate and relative prices.

Marx distinguishes between labour power as the potential to work, and labour, which is its actual use.

By 1849, Marx and Engels are able to quote the use of the phrase by other writers (' Schwanbeck ', a journalist on the Kölnische Zeitung newspaper and Henri Druey ), suggesting that it had achieved some recognition in intellectual circles.

At the time when Marx wrote this text, opium was legally available in some parts of the world, although there were attempts to regulate, legislate and prohibit its use, sale and production, due to the negative effects the substance had on individuals and society in general.

Many economic discussions use principles derived from Karl Marx and Adam Smith.

Whereas he accepted the classical Marxist analysis of society showing how one class exercises domination over another, he deviated from Marx in his failure to use dialectic as a method to propose ways to change.

Both Hafner and Marx were known to use " recycled " lithography, a cost-saving practice where the tinplate from defective print runs was flipped over and printed on the blank side and used.

The use of the word communism in a religious context predates the use of the term to describe more secular forms of communism, such as that advocated by François Babeuf in the 18th century, and Karl Marx in the 19th century.

Blücher encouraged his wife to become involved with Marxism and political theory, though ultimately her use of Karl Marx was in no way orthodox, as shown in such works as The Origins of Totalitarianism ( 1951 ) and The Human Condition ( 1958 ).

Alexis de Tocqueville was apparently the first to use the term social structure ; later, Karl Marx, Herbert Spencer, Max Weber, Ferdinand Tönnies, and Émile Durkheim all contributed to structural concepts in sociology.

Others see this " problem " ( the development of a mathematical relationship between prices and labor-values ) as a false one, rejecting the idea that Marx aimed to use his labor theory value to understand relative prices.

As Dennis and his co-accused had never openly called for the violent overthrow of the United States government, the prosecution depended on passages from the works of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin and on the testimony of former members of the party who claimed that Dennis and others had privately advocated the use of violence.

With the advent of the industrial revolution, thinkers such as Proudhon and Marx elaborated the comparison between wage labor and slavery in the context of a critique of property not intended for active personal use.

Marx comments for example that " in English writers of the 17th century we frequently find worth in the sense of value in use, and value in the sense of exchange-value.

According to Marx, in capitalism, improvements in technology and rising levels of productivity increase the amount of material wealth ( or use values ) in society while simultaneously diminishing the economic value of this wealth, thereby lowering the rate of profit — a tendency that leads to the paradox, characteristic of crises in capitalism, of “ poverty in the midst of plenty ,” or more precisely, crises of overproduction in the midst of underconsumption.

Thus we find Marx writing to Sorge in October 1877, following the fusion of the German Social Democrats with the Lassalleans, complaining about the reintroduction of utopian socialism into the movement (" which for tens of years we have been clearing out of the German workers ’ heads with so much toil and labour ") by " a whole gang of half-mature students and super-wise doctors who want to give socialism a “ higher ideal ” orientation, that is to say, to replace its materialistic basis ( which demands serious objective study from anyone who tries to use it ) by modern mythology with its goddesses of Justice, Freedom, Equality and Fraternity.

A popular myth ( spread in part by Groucho himself ) surrounding the movie is that the Marx Brothers were threatened with a lawsuit by Warner Bros. for the use of the word " Casablanca " in the title, it being an infringement on the company's rights to the 1942 film Casablanca.