In 1986 former editor Kurt Andersen co-founded the satirical magazine Spy, which employed Lampoon writers Paul Simms and Eric Kaplan, and published the work of Lampoon alumni Patricia Marx, Lawrence O ' Donnell and Mark O ' Donnell.

He is also a noted commentator on the works of Karl Marx, where his works include Understanding Marx: A Reconstruction and Critique of Capital and Moneybags Must Be So Lucky: On the Structure of Capital, an analysis of the rhetorical and literary techniques employed by Marx in Das Kapital.

Similarly, mention of a firm by this name is employed by comic figures such as Johnny Carson, Groucho Marx, and Daffy Duck.

He also drafted an article on The part played by labour in the transition from Ape to Man, apparently a theory of anthropogenesis which would integrate the insights of Marx and Charles Darwin.

According to Karl Marx, industrialisation polarised society into the bourgeoisie ( those who own the means of production, the factories and the land ) and the much larger proletariat ( the working class who actually perform the labour necessary to extract something valuable from the means of production ).

In 1844 Marx wrote The Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts, a work which covered numerous topics, and went into detail to explain Marx's concept of alienated labour.

Here Marx elaborated his labour theory of value ( influenced by Thomas Hodgskin ) and his conception of surplus value and exploitation, which he argued would ultimately lead to a falling rate of profit and the collapse of industrial capitalism.

For Marx, then, human nature — Gattungswesen, or species-being — exists as a function of human labour.

" Consequently, Marx revises Hegelian " work " into material " labour ", and in the context of human capacity to transform nature the term " labour power ".

Marx had a special concern with how people relate to that most fundamental resource of all, their own labour power.

For Marx, the possibility that one may give up ownership of one's own labour — one's capacity to transform the world — is tantamount to being alienated from one's own nature ; it is a spiritual loss.

According to Marx capitalists take advantage of the difference between the labour market and the market for whatever commodity the capitalist can produce.

Marx called the difference " surplus value " and argued that this surplus value had its source in surplus labour, the difference between what it costs to keep workers alive and what they can produce.

Since Marx believed that surplus value appropriated from labour is the source of profits, he concluded that the rate of profit would fall even as the economy grew.

In the course of developing the Russian application of Marxism, the pamphlet Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism ( 1916 ) presented Lenin ’ s analysis of an economic development predicted by Karl Marx: that capitalism would become a global financial system, wherein advanced industrial countries export financial capital to their colonial countries, to finance the exploitation of their natural resources and the labour of the native populations.

Like Karl Marx, Lenin distinguished between the aspects of a revolution, the " economic campaign " ( labour strikes for increased wages and work concessions ), which featured diffused plural leadership ; and the " political campaign " ( socialist changes to society ), which required the decisive revolutionary leadership of the Bolshevik vanguard party.

Socialists including Karl Marx, Robert Owen, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and John Stuart Mill advocated various forms of labour vouchers or labour-credits, which like money would be used to acquire articles of consumption, but unlike money, they are unable to become capital and would not be used to allocate resources within the production process.

Factors of production are defined by Karl Marx in Das Kapital as labour, subjects of labour, and instruments of labour ; i. e., the term is equivalent to means of production plus labour.

Prior to Marx, economists noted that the problem with using the " quantity of labour " to establish the value of commodities was that the time spent by an unskilled worker would be longer than the time spent on the same commodity by a skilled worker.

This average time necessary to produce the commodity Marx called the " socially necessary labour time " Socially necessary labour time was the proper basis on which to base the " exchange value " of a given commodity.

Once enough to cover all of these things had been taken out of the " proceeds of labour ", Marx believed that what was left should then be shared out amongst the workers, with each individual getting goods to the equivalent value of how much labour they had invested.

In his book Das Kapital, in Chapter 26 entitled " The Secret of Primitive Accumulation " and Chapter 27, " Expropriation of the Agricultural Population from the Land ", Marx claimed that the feudal relationships of serfdom were violently transformed into private property and free labour: free of possession and free to sell their labour force on the market.

Being himself one of the leaders of the Communist Party of Italy, ( CPI ), his theories had, in turn, been strongly influenced by the German social thinker Karl Marx, and have their ideological roots grounded in Marxist theory of false consciousness and capitalist exploitation.

As a philosopher, Dietzgen had constructed the theory of dialectical materialism independently of Marx and Friedrich Engels.

Marx was also familiar with Lucretius's theory of clinamen.

Labor, not labor power, is the key factor of production for Marx and the basis for Marx's labor theory of value.

The theory shows what Marx called a " coherence " in human history, because each generation inherits the productive forces developed previously and in turn further develops them before passing them on to the next generation.

Marx himself took care to indicate that he was only proposing a guideline to historical research ( Leitfaden or Auffassung ), and was not providing any substantive " theory of history " or " grand philosophy of history ", let alone a " master-key to history ".

The social theory of Karl Marx, with respect to modern scholarship, stands in a deeply ambiguous relation to historicism.

Critics of Marx have leveled the charge of historicism against his theory since its very genesis.

Marx has influenced disciplines such as archaeology, anthropology, media studies, political science, theater, history, sociological theory, cultural studies, education, economics, geography, literary criticism, aesthetics, critical psychology, and philosophy.

However, Karl Marx never used the phrase " labor theory of value " to describe his theory of value, but instead made reference to a law of value, which is not to be confused with the classical economics concept of labor theory of price.

Marx later called this " Smith's adding up theory of value ".

Some writers ( including Bertrand Russell and Karl Marx ) think the labor theory of value can be traced back to him.

Marx uses his LTV to derive his theory of exploitation under capitalism.

" Marx responds to this in his third volume of Capital with his competition of capitals theory, a mathematical transformation that has been fiercely debated.

* von Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen Karl Marx and the Close of His System ( Classic criticism of Marxist economic theory )

The thinking of Marx and Freud provided a point of departure for questioning the notion of a unitary, autonomous Subject, which for many thinkers in the Continental tradition is seen as the foundation of the liberal theory of the social contract.

Lenin was an advocate of the socio-political theory of Marxism, first developed by the German sociologists Karl Marx ( 1818 – 1883 ) and Friedrich Engels ( 1820 – 1895 ) in the mid-19th century, and Li's articles helped bring an understanding of Marxism to the Chinese revolutionary movement, even though he failed to fully understand it himself.

Karl Marx and his theory of Communism developed along with Friedrich Engels proved to be one of the most influential political ideologies of the 20th century through Leninism. The industrial revolution produced a parallel revolution in political thought.

Proudhon's theory of property greatly influenced the budding socialist movement, inspiring anarchist theorists such as Mikhail Bakunin who modified Proudhon's ideas, as well as antagonizing theorists like Karl Marx.

The writings of Karl Marx provided the basis for the development of Marxist political theory and Marxian economics.

Marx saw himself as doing morally neutral sociology and economic theory for the sake of human development.