In Western philosophy, the spread of Christianity through the Roman Empire marked the ending of Hellenistic philosophy and ushered in the beginnings of Medieval philosophy, whereas in Eastern philosophy, the spread of Islam through the Arab Empire marked the end of Old Iranian philosophy and ushered in the beginnings of early Islamic philosophy.

A Brythonic language was used in parts of Galicia and Asturias into early Medieval times brought by Britons fleeing the Anglo-Saxon invasions via Brittany.

It has been described as the single most important and influential work in the West on Medieval and early Renaissance Christianity, and is also the last great Western work that can be called Classical.

* Stefano Colonna, an influential noble in Medieval Rome an Imperial vicar in the early 14th century.

Medieval military doctrine employed them as part of a combined-arms force along with various kinds of foot troops ; however medieval chroniclers tended to pay undue attention to the knights at the expense of the rank and file, which led early students of military history to suppose that this heavy cavalry was the only force that mattered on medieval European battlefields, which was not the case.

Constantine, son of Áed ( Medieval Gaelic: Constantín mac Áeda ; Modern Gaelic: Còiseam mac Aoidh, known in most modern regnal lists as Constantine II ; before 879 – 952 ) was an early King of Scotland, known then by the Gaelic name Alba.

Elections were used as early in history as ancient Greece and ancient Rome, and throughout the Medieval period to select rulers such as the Holy Roman Emperor and the Pope.

* Modern Greek: Stemming from Medieval Greek, Modern Greek usages can be traced in the Byzantine period, as early as the 11th century.

Medieval charters of liberty such as the English Magna Carta were not charters of human rights, let alone general charters of rights: they instead constituted a form of limited political and legal agreement to address specific political circumstances, in the case of Magna Carta later being mythologized in the course of early modern debates about rights.

Modern scholarship has disproved Margaret Murray's theory, however various horned gods and mother goddesses were indeed worshipped in the British Isles during the ancient and early Medieval periods.

Hillforts spread over most of southern Finland at the end of the Iron and early Medieval Age.

The word originates from the Latin loco – " from a place ", ablative of locus, " place " + Medieval Latin motivus, " causing motion ", and is a shortened form of the term locomotive engine, first used in the early 19th century to distinguish between mobile and stationary steam engines.

* Rondeau ( music ), a Medieval and early Renaissance musical form distinct from the 18th-century rondo

* Jean Lemaire de Belges, late Medieval, early Renaissance poet and historian

* Leonel Power ( – 1445 ), English composer of the late Medieval and early Renaissance eras.

Global temperature records taken from ice cores, tree rings, and lake deposits, have shown that, taken globally, the Earth may have been slightly cooler ( by 0. 03 degrees Celsius ) during the ' Medieval Warm Period ' than in the early and mid-20th century.

In the Chesapeake Bay, researchers found large temperature excursions ( changes from the mean temperature of that time ) during the Medieval Warm Period ( about 950 – 1250 ) and the Little Ice Age ( about 1400 – 1700, with cold periods persisting into the early 20th century ), possibly related to changes in the strength of North Atlantic thermohaline circulation.

Knowledge of the North American Medieval Warm Period has been useful in dating occupancy periods of certain Native American habitation sites, especially in arid parts of the western U. S. Review of more recent archaeological research shows that as the search for signs of unusual cultural changes during the MWP has broadened, some of these early patterns ( for example, violence and health problems ) have been found to be more complicated and regionally varied than previously thought while others ( for example, settlement disruption, deterioration of long distance trade, and population movements ) have been further corroborated.

The morality play is a genre of Medieval and early Tudor theatrical entertainment.

Medieval and early modern Europeans applied the name to the Berbers, Arabs, Muslim Iberians and West Africans from Mali and Niger who had been absorbed into the Almoravid dynasty.

The Andalusian Moors of the late Medieval era inhabited the Iberian Peninsula after the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in the early 8th century.

Medieval and early modern European courts used torture, depending on the crime of the accused and his or her social status.

The cornett, cornetto, or zink is an early wind instrument that dates from the Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque periods.

Byzantine literature refers to literature of the Byzantine Empire written in Atticizing, Medieval and early Modern Greek.

The early Medieval periods had seen a rapid growth in monasticism, with several different orders being prevalent and spreading their influence widely.

Medieval scholars may be considered forerunners of modern anthropology as well, insofar as they conducted or wrote detailed studies of the customs of peoples considered " different " from themselves in terms of geography.

Couples may wear Medieval clothing or more modern wedding garb.

This view was challenged by Jim Bradbury in his book The Medieval Archer and more modern works are more ready to accept a variety of formations.

Supply trains are as much a feature of Medieval warfare as they are of ancient and modern warfare.

Just as modern military engineers enhance field fortifications with obstacles such as barbed wire, Medieval engineers used a number of obstacle types including abatis, caltrops, cheval de frise, and trou de loup.

Medieval European maps applied the name Niger to the middle reaches of the river, in modern Mali, but Quorra ( Kworra ) to the lower reaches in modern Nigeria, as these were not recognized as being the same river.

Most modern scholars dismiss Pope Joan as a Medieval legend.

As had been the case since the Ars Nova ( see Medieval music ), there could be either two or three of these for each breve ( a double-whole note ), which may be looked on as equivalent to the modern " measure ," though it was itself a note value and a measure is not.

Robert I ( 11 July 1274 – 7 June 1329 ), popularly known as Robert the Bruce ( Medieval Gaelic: Roibert a Briuis ; modern Scottish Gaelic: Raibeart Bruis ; Norman French: Robert de Brus or Robert de Bruys ), was King of Scots from 25 March 1306, until his death in 1329.

Back scabbards were never used in European, Near East, or Indian military cultures, and depictions of such are a modern invention and have enjoyed great popularity in fiction and fantasy, to the point that they are widely believed to be a Medieval invention.

Louis was guaranteed the kingship of all lands to the east of the Rhine and to the north and east of Italy, which was called East Francia which was the precursor to the Medieval conglomeration of disparate states known as the Holy Roman Empire and thence to modern Germany.

Sir William Wallace ( Medieval Gaelic: Uilliam Uallas ; modern Scottish Gaelic: Uilleam Uallas ; Norman French: William le Waleys ; ; died 23 August 1305 ) was a Scottish knight and landowner who became one of the main leaders during the Wars of Scottish Independence.

Hunters established game parks in Medieval Europe, such as the New Forest, with often violent punishments for poaching. In modern times, hunters have founded some of the most significant ( and controversial ) wildlife conservation organizations, such as Ducks Unlimited. Hunters in industrialized nations generally comply with bag limits to ensure the sustainability of wildlife populations.

Frank Martin's Mass for double choir combines modality and allusion to Medieval and Renaissance forms with a distinctly modern harmonic language and has become the composer's most performed work.

Some animals ( such as the rhinoceros and the hippopotamus ) were unknown in western Europe during the Middle Ages so gargoyles of these species ( such as the ones at Laon Cathedral ) are modern gargoyles and therefore did not have symbolic meaning in Medieval times.

The Historia Francorum is of salient historical interest since it describes a period of transition from Roman to Medieval, and the establishment of the Frankish state, the area of which, despite numerous fluctuations, was to remain large in terms of population and territory, and fortunate in terms of resources and wealth, throughout the Medieval period, despite divisions that formed as the modern map of Europe evolved.

The word viscount, known to be used in English since 1387, comes from Old French visconte ( modern French: vicomte ), itself from Medieval Latin vicecomitem, accusative of vicecomes, from Late Latin vice-" deputy " + Latin comes ( originally " companion ; later Roman imperial courtier or trusted appointee, ultimately count ).

The basis of the modern game can be traced to Medieval and Renaissance sources.