From the Medieval Arabic king lists of both African states, allegedly copied from earlier lists in ancient Near Eastern languages it appears that the state founders claimed to be deportees of the Assyrian empire who had fled from Syria and Samaria after the defeat of the Egyptian-Assyrian army at Carchemish in 605 BCE.

The word " cipher " in former times meant " zero " and had the same origin: Middle French as < span lang =" fr "> cifre </ span > and Medieval Latin as cifra, from the Arabic صفر ṣifr = zero ( see Zero — Etymology ).

As noted above, Bologna already had Consuls at some parts of its Medieval history.

Not all Medieval writers are so at odds with the Virgilian standard, and with the rediscovery of classical literature later Medieval and Renaissance writers are far more orthodox, but by then the form had become an academic exercise.

Magus had been a contemporary of Jesus Christ's, and like the Biblical Jesus had supposedly performed miracles, but had been demonised by the Medieval Church as a devil-worshipper and evil individual.

Similarly, it was commonly believed by Medieval people that other ancient figures like the poet Virgil, astronomer Ptolemy and philosopher Aristotle had been involved in magic, and grimoires claiming to have been written by them were circulated.

Pounds's study The Medieval Castle in England and Wales, many English castles had been deserted and others were crumbling.

Their re-introduction, combined with Judeo-Islamic theological commentaries, had a great influence on Medieval philosophers such as Thomas Aquinas.

Medieval juries were self-informing, in that individuals were chosen as jurors because they either knew the parties and the facts, or they had the duty to discover them.

Medieval French had two words, chevaleresse and chevalière, which were used in two ways: one was for the wife of a knight, and this usage goes back to the 14th c. The other was possibly for a female knight.

He also saw in the history of medieval European cities the rise of a unique form of " non-legitimate domination " that successfully challenged the existing forms of legitimate domination ( traditional, charismatic, and rational-legal ) that had prevailed until then in the Medieval world.

Medieval armies were supplied much as earlier armies had been.

Medieval tradition held that Saint Dionysius the Areopagite had traveled to Rome and then was commissioned by the Pope to preach in Gaul ( France ), where he was martyred.

Medieval Japan at first had a similar union between " imperial law " and universal or " Buddha law ", but these later became independent sources of power.

In Medieval Northern Italy, a number of city states had commune or signoria based governments.

During the period, secular music had an increasing distribution, with a wide variety of forms, but one must be cautious about assuming an explosion in variety: since printing made music more widely available, much more has survived from this era than from the preceding Medieval era, and probably a rich store of popular music of the late Middle Ages is irretrievably lost.

As had been the case since the Ars Nova ( see Medieval music ), there could be either two or three of these for each breve ( a double-whole note ), which may be looked on as equivalent to the modern " measure ," though it was itself a note value and a measure is not.

Medieval instruments in Europe had most commonly been used singly, often self accompanied with a drone, or occasionally in parts.

The Westphalian Vehmic courts developed from the High Medieval “ free courts ” (), which had jurisdiction within a “ free county ” ().

This was eventually transformed into the Latin name Vormatia that had been in use since the 6th century, which was preserved in the Medieval Hebrew form Vermayza ( ורמיזא ).

Medieval sources speak of malaria, which he had caught in the unhealthy marshes that surrounded Ravenna.

Medieval campaigns were generally designed around a succession of sieges.

The Medieval Warm Period ( MWP ) is generally thought to have occurred from about AD 950 – 1250, during the European Middle Ages.

Hunters established game parks in Medieval Europe, such as the New Forest, with often violent punishments for poaching. In modern times, hunters have founded some of the most significant ( and controversial ) wildlife conservation organizations, such as Ducks Unlimited. Hunters in industrialized nations generally comply with bag limits to ensure the sustainability of wildlife populations.

Romanesque architecture, or Norman architecture as it is generally termed in England because of its association with the Norman invasion, had already established the basic architectural forms and units that were to remain in slow evolution throughout the Medieval period.

The university is generally regarded as an institution that has its origin in the Medieval Christian setting.

Saint Ladislaus I (, ( in Medieval English texts: Saint Lancelot ),,,, ; c. 1045 – 29 July 1095 ) was King of Hungary from 1077 until his death, " who greatly expanded the boundaries of the kingdom and consolidated it internally ; no other Hungarian king was so generally beloved by the people ".

Medieval Muslim geographers spent a great amount of time debating the exact boundaries between Hejaz and Nejd in particular, but generally set the western boundaries of Nejd to be wherever the western mountain ranges and lava beds began to slope eastwards, and set the eastern boundaries of Nejd at the narrow strip of red sand dunes known as the Ad-Dahna Desert, some east of modern-day Riyadh.

Until the Medieval inquisition in the 12th century, the legal systems used in medieval Europe generally relied on the adversarial system to determine whether someone should be tried and whether that person is guilty or innocent.

Modern scholars debate its exact history, but it is generally accepted that it is descended from the Medieval citole, or cytole.

Groo's adventures take place in an environment that generally resembles Medieval Europe, although his travels have also taken him to places that resemble Africa, Indonesia, Japan, the Middle East and elsewhere.

Three general theories mark the debate on the chronology of Irish Ringforts ; firstly the theory that wishes to date ringforts back into the Iron Age period ; secondly, the theory that seeks to see the continuation of ringfort habitation into the Later Medieval and even the Modern period ; finally, the more common and generally accepted theory that ringforts were a product of the second half of the first millennium, a theory which has been given greater definition by Matthew Stout in recent years.

For example, plague doctors were freely allowed to perform autopsies, which were otherwise generally forbidden in Medieval Europe, to research a cure for the plague.

A buckler ( French bouclier ' shield ', from Old French bocle, boucle ' boss ') is a small shield, 15 to 45 cm ( 6 in to 18 in ) in diameter, gripped in the fist ; it was generally used as a companion weapon in hand-to-hand combat during the Medieval and Renaissance, as its size made it poor protection against missile weapons ( e. g., arrows ) but useful in deflecting the blow of an opponent's sword or mace.

Some words retained their original structure but drastically changed in meaning, e. g. animositas specifically means " wrath " in Medieval Latin, while in Classical Latin it generally referred to " high spirits, excited spirits " of any kind.

The early history of Irish visual art is generally considered to begin with early carvings found at sites such as Newgrange and is traced through Bronze age artefacts, particularly ornamental gold objects, and the Celtic brooches and illuminated manuscripts of the " Insular " Early Medieval period.

The propagation of such views is generally attributed to the insufficient knowledge of the foreign researchers of the live Belarusian language, overlap of the areals of the Medieval Church Slavonic and Old Belarusian, identical graphical systems, close relations in the grammars and lexics.

The word itself is a corruption of the Medieval Greek afendis ( αφέντης ), from ancient Greek authentēs (), generally " doer, master ".

As such, they were accorded certain rights and generally not persecuted for their religious beliefs, unlike many other parts of Medieval Europe, but were not accorded equality of rights with Muslims.

As was generally the case among Medieval scholars, Fra Mauro regarded the world as a sphere.

The following offices from the Medieval court are generally considered a posteriori Great Offices, even though the expression, as such, did not exist at the time: