The art technique was known from the classical world, where it appears to have taken over from encaustic painting and was the main medium used for panel painting and illuminated manuscripts in the Byzantine world and Medieval and Early renaissance Europe.

In the Early Medieval period, the Celtic Christianity of Wales participated in the Insular art of the British Isles and a number of illuminated manuscripts possibly of Welsh origin survive, of which the 8th century Hereford Gospels and Lichfield Gospels are the most notable.

Before the invention of the printing press, books, such as Medieval illuminated manuscripts, were hand-illustrated.

Medieval illuminated manuscripts such as the Holkham Bible showed the dove returning to Noah with a branch, and Wycliffe's Bible, which translated the Vulgate into English in the 14th century, uses " a braunche of olyue tre with greene leeuys " (" a branch of olive tree with green leaves ") in Gen. 8: 11.

Medieval art was produced in many media, and the works that remain in large numbers include sculpture, illuminated manuscripts, stained glass, metalwork and mosaics, all of which have had a higher survival rate than other media like fresco wall-paintings, work in precious metals or textiles, including tapestry.

The tetramorphs were especially common in Early Medieval art, above all in illuminated Gospel books, but remain common in religious art to the present day.

Isabella Stewart Gardner collected and carefully displayed a collection of more than 2, 500 objects — paintings, sculpture, furniture, textiles, architectural elements, drawings, silver, ceramics, illuminated manuscripts, rare books, photographs and letters — from ancient Rome, Medieval Europe, Renaissance Italy, Asia, the Islamic world, and 19th-century France and America.

The early history of Irish visual art is generally considered to begin with early carvings found at sites such as Newgrange and is traced through Bronze age artefacts, particularly ornamental gold objects, and the Celtic brooches and illuminated manuscripts of the " Insular " Early Medieval period.

The word derives from the, meaning red ochre or red chalk, and originates in Medieval illuminated manuscripts from the 13th century or earlier.

In 1731, the manuscript was badly damaged by a fire that swept through a building housing a collection of Medieval manuscripts assembled by Sir Robert Bruce Cotton.

* Medieval and Renaissance manuscripts, including Vulgates, Breviaries, Contracts, and Herbal Texts from 12-17th century, Center for Digital Initiatives, University of Vermont Libraries

During the Middle Ages, Saint Jerome was considered the author of all the biographies up until those of Pope Damasus I ( 366 – 383 ), based on an apocryphal letter between Saint Jerome and Pope Damasus published as a preface to the Medieval manuscripts.

* Medieval Realms Learning resources from the British Library including studies of beautiful medieval manuscripts

Medieval biblical manuscripts of the Tiberian mesorah sometimes contain the Hebrew text interpolated, verse-by-verse, with the targumim.

* Free access to high-resolution images of manuscripts containing works by Byrd from Digital Image Archive of Medieval Music

Medieval scribes used the symbols extensively for critical markings of manuscripts.

What is known of combat with the longsword comes from artistic depictions of battle from manuscripts and the Fechtbücher of Medieval and Renaissance Masters.

In the Early Medieval period the text and illumination were often done by the same people, normally monks, but by the High Middle Ages the roles were typically separated, except for routine initials and flourishes, and by at least the 14th century there were secular workshops producing manuscripts, and by the beginning of the 15th century these were producing most of the best work, and were commissioned even by monasteries.

* Free access to high-resolution images of manuscripts containing works by Isaac from Digital Image Archive of Medieval Music

* Free access to high-resolution images of manuscripts containing works by Machaut from Digital Image Archive of Medieval Music

* Free access to high-resolution images of manuscripts containing works by Tallis from Digital Image Archive of Medieval Music

* Medieval and Renaissance manuscripts, Vulgates, Books of Hours, Medicinal Texts and more, 12-17th century, Center for Digital Initiatives, University of Vermont Libraries

The stories of the Mabinogion appear in either or both of two Medieval Welsh manuscripts, the White Book of Rhydderch ( Llyfr Gwyn Rhydderch ) written ca.

* Free access to high-resolution images of manuscripts containing works by du Fay from Digital Image Archive of Medieval Music

* Free access to high-resolution images of manuscripts containing works by this composer from Digital Image Archive of Medieval Music

* Free access to high-resolution images of manuscripts containing works by this composer from Digital Image Archive of Medieval Music

While these lais are occasionally interspersed with the Marian lais in Medieval manuscripts, scholars do not agree that these lais were actually written by Marie.

Similarly, it was commonly believed by Medieval people that other ancient figures like the poet Virgil, astronomer Ptolemy and philosopher Aristotle had been involved in magic, and grimoires claiming to have been written by them were circulated.

Linguists who, due to this and similar facts, reject the Medieval origin of the Kensington inscription, consider this word to be a neologism and have noted that, in a Norwegian newspaper circulated in Minnesota, the late 19th century Norwegian historian Gustav Storm often used this term in articles on Viking exploration.

It was one of the first astrological texts to be circulated in Medieval Europe after being translated from Arabic into Latin by Plato of Tivoli ( Tiburtinus ) in Spain, 1138.

However, Medieval and later drawings often show it with two or more scaled feet, particularly chicken feet, and feathered wings.

In Europe, the Medieval Warm Period ended some time towards the end of the 13th century, bringing the " Little Ice Age " and harsher winters with reduced harvests.

Medieval military doctrine employed them as part of a combined-arms force along with various kinds of foot troops ; however medieval chroniclers tended to pay undue attention to the knights at the expense of the rank and file, which led early students of military history to suppose that this heavy cavalry was the only force that mattered on medieval European battlefields, which was not the case.

To Medieval thinking, all things were connected with each other — a mode of thought that finds its traces today in the occult sciences or esoteric thought — ranging from astrology to believing certain minerals have certain beneficiary effects.

Not all Medieval writers are so at odds with the Virgilian standard, and with the rediscovery of classical literature later Medieval and Renaissance writers are far more orthodox, but by then the form had become an academic exercise.

Samarrai, however, also advises to handle this theory with care, as Medieval and Early Modern Muslim scribes often used etymologically " fanciful roots " in order claim the most outlandish things to be of Arabian or Muslim origin.

* Medieval Sourcebook: First Lateran Council: Canons with annotations

* R. Blackhirst, " The Medieval Gospel of Barnabas ": Full text of the Italian ms of Gospel of Barnabas, ( in English ), with supplementary material and photographs

Medieval foreign policy was as much shaped by relations with the Flemish textile industry as it was by dynastic adventures in western France.

Their re-introduction, combined with Judeo-Islamic theological commentaries, had a great influence on Medieval philosophers such as Thomas Aquinas.

Medieval popular etymology also associated it ( wrongly ) with derivations from the Latin impetere ( to attack ).

The onset of Romanticism rekindled interest in Renaissance and Medieval artwork, and the Sauvageot donation expanded the department with 1, 500 middle-age and faïence works.

* Medieval European T and O maps such as the Hereford Mappa Mundi were centred on Jerusalem with East at the top.

The Medieval Inquisition is a series of Inquisitions ( Catholic Church bodies charged with suppressing heresy ) from around 1184, including the Episcopal Inquisition ( 1184-1230s ) and later the Papal Inquisition ( 1230s ).

Medieval knights for example were often laden with up to 100 pounds of plate or chain link armour in addition to swords, lances and other weapons.

Just as modern military engineers enhance field fortifications with obstacles such as barbed wire, Medieval engineers used a number of obstacle types including abatis, caltrops, cheval de frise, and trou de loup.

Twice a year they meet together in a breath taking archery contest under the walls of the Fortezza, conducted in Medieval dress, with lords and ladies of each contrada who accompany the proceedings.

On the whole, Early Medieval scribes were indiscriminate in supplying themselves with material from any old volumes that happened to be at hand.

It uses a distinctive form of the general Celtic Early Medieval development of La Tène style with increasing influences from the Insular art of 7th and 8th century Ireland and Northumbria, and then Anglo-Saxon and Irish art as the Early Medieval period continues.

Staff-weapons in Medieval or Renaissance England were lumped together under the generic term " staves " but when dealing with them in detail we are faced with terminological difficulty.