Examples of cognates in Indo-European languages are the words night ( English ), nuit ( French ), Nacht ( German ), nacht ( Dutch ), nag ( Afrikaans ), nicht ( Scots ), natt ( Swedish, Norwegian ), nat ( Danish ), nátt ( Faroese ), nótt ( Icelandic ), noc ( Czech, Slovak, Polish ), ночь, noch ( Russian ), ноќ, noć ( Macedonian ), нощ, nosht ( Bulgarian ), ніч, nich ( Ukrainian ), ноч, noch / noč ( Belarusian ), noč ( Slovene ), noć ( Serbo-Croatian ), νύξ, nyx ( Ancient Greek, νύχτα / nyhta in Modern Greek ), nox ( Latin ), nakt-( Sanskrit ), natë ( Albanian ), noche ( Spanish ), nos ( Welsh ), nueche ( Asturian ), noite ( Portuguese and Galician ), notte ( Italian ), nit ( Catalan ), noapte ( Romanian ), nakts ( Latvian ) and naktis ( Lithuanian ), all meaning " night " and derived from the Proto-Indo-European ( PIE ), " night ".

Another Indo-European example is star ( English ), str-( Sanskrit ), tara ( Hindi-Urdu ), étoile ( French ), ἀστήρ ( astēr ) ( Greek or ἀστέρι / ἄστρο, asteri / astro in Modern Greek ), stella ( Italian ), aster ( Latin ) stea ( Romanian and Venetian ), stairno ( Gothic ), astl ( Armenian ), Stern ( German ), ster ( Dutch and Afrikaans ), starn ( Scots ), stjerne ( Norwegian and Danish ), stjarna ( Icelandic ), stjärna ( Swedish ), stjørna ( Faroese ), setāre ( Persian ), stoorei ( Pashto ), seren ( Welsh ), steren ( Cornish ), estel ( Catalan ), estrella Spanish, estrella Asturian and Leonese, estrela ( Portuguese and Galician ) and estêre or stêrk ( Kurdish ), from the PIE, " star ".

The language of Don Quixote, although still containing archaisms, is far more understandable to modern Spanish readers than is, for instance, the completely medieval Spanish of the Poema de mio Cid, a kind of Spanish that is as different from Cervantes's language as Middle English is from Modern English.

In Medieval and Modern Spain, the Visigoths were believed to be the origin of the Spanish nobility ( compare Gobineau for a similar French idea ).

Below is the conjugation of the verb to be in the present tense ( of the infinitive, if it exists, and indicative moods ), in English, German, Dutch, Afrikaans, Icelandic, Swedish, Norwegian, Latvian, Bulgarian, Bosnian, Serbian, Croatian, Polish, Slovenian, Hindi, Persian, Latin, French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Albanian, Armenian, Irish, Ancient Attic Greek and Modern Greek.

A similar process happened during the development of many languages, including Brazilian Portuguese, Old French, and Polish, in all three of these resulting in or, whence Modern French sauce as compared with Spanish salsa, or Polish Wisła ( pronounced ) as compared with English Vistula.

In Modern Catalan, as in modern Spanish, sí is usually used as a response, although the language retains the word oi, akin to òc, which is sometimes used at the end of yes-no questions and in higher register also as a positive response.

Political scientists often define competition in Europe during the Modern Era as a balance of power struggle, which also induced various European states to pursue colonial empires, beginning with the Spanish and Portuguese, and later including the British, French, Dutch, and German.

" Gauchos, Gringos and Gallegos: The Assimilation of Italian and Spanish Immigrants in the Making of Modern Uruguay 1880 – 1930 ," Past and Present ( August 2010 ) 208 ( 1 ): 191-229

Modern Spanish tuna purse seiner in the Seychelles Islands

Modern Spanish monarchs are numbered according to the system of Castile.

As a result, Latin pira " pear " ( fruit ) and vēra " true ", came to rhyme in most of its daughter languages: Italian, French, and Spanish pera, vera ; Old French poire, voire ( but not Modern French " vrai ").

Modern Spanish, however, no longer uses this diacritic, although it is still current in Portuguese, Catalan, Occitan, and French, which gives English the alternative spellings of cedille, from French “ cédille ”, and the Portuguese form cedilha.

A map of the European Spanish Empire after the Battle of Mühlberg ( 1547 ) as depicted in the Cambridge Modern History | Cambridge Modern History Atlas ( 1912 )-Habsburg lands are shaded greenBy the mid-16th century, the Margraviate of Antwerp ( Duchy of Brabant ) had become the economic, political, and cultural center of the Netherlands after its capital had shifted from the nearby Lordship of Mechelen to the city of Brussels.

According to the Modern Language Association, there are ( in descending order ) 2, 372 English speakers, 55 Spanish speakers, 18 Vietnamese speakers, 5 German speakers, 4 Italian speakers, 3 Portuguese speakers, and 3 Russian speakers.

Modern peso and dollar currencies have a common origin in the 15th – 19th century Spanish dollar, most continuing to use its sign, "$".

Modern Mexican literature was influenced by the concepts of the Spanish colonialization of Mesoamerica.

Mayapan ( Màayapáan in Modern Maya ), ( in Spanish Mayapán ) is a Pre-Columbian Maya site a couple of kilometers south of the town of Telchaquillo in Municipality of Tecoh, approximately 40 km south-east of Mérida and 100 km west of Chichen Itza ; in the state of Yucatán, Mexico.

Most of it was a part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, in the Spanish Empire, during the Modern Era.

Modern studies of the actual documents of the Spanish Inquisition show that it was no more cruel and bloodthirsty than other legal systems of the time.

La Escuela Moderna ( Spanish for " The Modern School ") was a progressive school that existed briefly at the start of the 20th century in Catalonia ( Spain ).

On the other hand, the bright vision of the future has been directly stated in science fiction concerned with projecting ideal societies -- science fiction, of course, is related, if sometimes distantly, to that utopian literature optimistic about science, literature whose period of greatest vigor in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries produced Edward Bellamy's Looking Backward and H. G. Wells's A Modern Utopia.

Modern physics has developed the theory that all matter consists of minute waves of energy.

Modern man, as Dietrich Bonhoeffer has told us, has `` come of age '' ; ;

Modern psychology has shown that paralleling `` the authoritarian personality '' is `` the bigoted personality '' in which insecurity, inferiority, suspicion, and distrust combine to provide a target for antagonism so indispensable that it will be manufactured if it does not exist naturally.

Modern Westerners have difficulty comprehending this fusion of moral and material, largely because in the West the historical trend has been to deny the connection.

Modern Algerian literature, split between Arabic, Kabyle and French, has been strongly influenced by the country's recent history.

In Modern Greek, vowel length has been lost, and all instances of alpha represent the short.

From the Early Modern period, their name has become a term for female warriors in general.

* Swearingen Jr., William Scott Environmental City: People, Place, and the Meaning of Modern Austin ( University of Texas Press ; 2010 ) 273 pages ; traces the history of environmentalism in the Texas capital, which has been part of a larger effort to preserve Austin's quality of life and sense of place.

During the more recent Modern era and in the Post-Modern period the artillery crew has used wheeled or tracked vehicles as a mode of transportation.

Modern coastal artillery ( for example, Russia's " Bereg " system ) is often self propelled, ( allowing it to avoid counter-battery fire ) and fully integrated, meaning that each battery has all of the support systems that it requires ( maintenance, targeting radar, etc.

Modern genetics has made clear that the lack of use does not, in itself, necessitate a feature's disappearance.

Modern ballroom dance has its roots early in the 20th century, when several different things happened more or less at the same time.

Modern technology ( the internet and cheaper home printing ) has also influenced board games via the phenomenon of print-and-play board games that you buy and print yourself.

It is written in English, very similar to the Early Modern English linguistic style of the King James Version of the Bible, and has since been fully or partially translated into 108 languages.

Modern barter and trade has evolved considerably to become an effective method of increasing sales, conserving cash, moving inventory, and making use of excess production capacity for businesses around the world.

Modern biotechnology has evolved, making it possible to produce more easily and relatively cheaply human growth hormone, clotting factors for hemophiliacs, fertility drugs, erythropoietin and other drugs.

Although some of Chaplin's critics have claimed that credit for his film music should be given to the composers who worked with him, for example Raksin, who worked with Chaplin on Modern Times, has stressed Chaplin's creative position and active participation in the composing process.

Modern cultural anthropology has its origins in, and developed in reaction to, 19th century " ethnology ", which involves the organized comparison of human societies.

Modern research has located 20, 000 mass graves from the Khmer Rouge era all over Cambodia.

More recently, Modern Family character Cameron Tucker has been shown as a Bears fan.

Modern North American football has its origins in various games, all known as " football ", played at public schools in England in the mid-19th century.

Modern citizenship has often been looked at as two competing underlying ideas:

Modern American politics has been described as a duopoly since the Republican and Democratic parties have dominated and framed policy debate as well as the public discourse on matters of national concern for about a century and a half.