Modern taxonomy is rooted in the work of Carolus Linnaeus, who grouped species according to shared physical characteristics.

Modern physics attempts to explain every observed physical phenomenon by these fundamental interactions.

Modern horse breeds developed in response to a need for " form to function ", the necessity to develop certain physical characteristics in order to perform a certain type of work.

Modern facsimilies are reported to steer quite well but require a very large amount of physical effort compared to the modern fore and aft tiller.

Modern physical therapy was established in Britain towards the end of the 19th century.

Modern touchscreens could be used in conjunction with stylus pointing devices, while those powered by infrared do not require physical touch, but just recognize the movement of hand and fingers in some minimum range distance from the real screen.

Modern scientific studies have shown that walking, besides its physical benefits, is also beneficial for the mind — improving memory skills, learning ability, concentration and abstract reasoning, as well as reducing stress and uplifting one's spirits.

Modern technology allows multiple physical servers with either different ( cf.

Modern cosmological ideas follow the development of the scientific discipline of physical cosmology.

Since its launch in 1998, the site has provided information on all four physical Tate galleries ( Tate Britain, Tate St Ives, Tate Liverpool and Tate Modern ) under the same domain.

Modern physical analysis methods include scanning-tunneling microscopy ( STM ) and a family of methods descended from it.

Modern hoses are also lighter weight than older designs, and this has helped reduce the physical strain on firefighters.

In Modern Standard Arabic the term refers to markets in both the physical sense and the abstract economic sense ( e. g., an Arab would speak of the souq in the old city as well as the souq for oil, and would call the concept of the free market السوق الحر ّ as-sūq al-ḥurr ).

Modern physical therapy and the understanding and treatment of muscular disorders is based on this work and subsequent work in mice ( often engineered to express disease states such as muscular dystrophy ).

Modern advances in seismic data acquisition and processing have meant that seismic attributes of subsurface rocks are readily available and can be used to infer physical / sedimentary properties of the rocks themselves.

Modern keyboards distinguish each physical key from every other and report all keypresses and releases to the controlling software.

Modern academic view is that in the Vedic period that preceded this, worship was primarily centred around the open-air fire altar ( yajna-kunda ) and no physical representations of the divine were used.

Modern physical cosmology as it is currently studied first emerged as a scientific discipline in the period after the Shapley – Curtis debate and discoveries by Edwin Hubble of a cosmic distance ladder when astronomers and physicists had to come to terms with a universe that was of a much larger scale than the previously assumed galactic size.

Modern playgrounds often have recreational equipment such as the seesaw, merry-go-round, swingset, slide, jungle gym, chin-up bars, sandbox, spring rider, monkey bars, overhead ladder, trapeze rings, playhouses, and mazes, many of which help children develop physical coordination, strength, and flexibility, as well as providing recreation and enjoyment.

Modern physical theories describe reality in terms of fields, e. g., the electromagnetic field, the gravitational field, and fields for the electron and all other elementary particles.

By the ending of Modern Times, “ the film seems tailored to please the middle-class optimist .” Due to all of their failings the final scene had the gamine stating, “ What's the use of trying ?”, with the Tramp replying with, “ Buck up – never say die .” Chaplin was unique among the silent film comedians because of his physical shtick, but also because of the universality of his class struggle humor and his social commentary.

Modern motherboards do not have physical ISA expansion bus connectors any more, but the bus signals live on in the modern LPC bus for software compatibility.

Modern political scientists generally define the " state " as a centralized, hierarchical, governing institution which maintains a monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force, in keeping with the definition originally proposed by the German sociologist Max Weber in his 1918 essay " Politics as a Vocation ".

His interest led to a broad mastery of all branches of the physical sciences and gave fruit with many publications, in particular, a 1929 paper in Reviews of Modern Physics that recommended a standard set of values for the constants based on earlier published results.

Modern analytical chemistry is dominated by instrumental analysis.

Modern calculations in quantum chemistry usually start from ( but ultimately go far beyond ) a molecular orbital rather than a valence bond approach, not because of any intrinsic superiority in the former but rather because the MO approach is more readily adapted to numerical computations.

Modern Transmutation is a large component of nuclear chemistry, and the table of nuclides is an important result and tool for this field.

From the 1998 textbook Modern Thermodynamics by Nobel Laureate and chemistry professor Ilya Prigogine we find: " As motion was explained by the Newtonian concept of force, chemists wanted a similar concept of ‘ driving force ’ for chemical change.

Modern theories of protein chemistry cast doubt on the effectiveness of the methods disclosed in the patent.

Modern organic chemistry starts with the Wöhler synthesis in 1828.

Modern drug discovery involves the identification of screening hits, medicinal chemistry optimization of those hits to increase the affinity, selectivity ( to reduce the potential of side effects ), efficacy / potency, metabolic stability ( to increase the half-life ), and oral bioavailability.

* Modern analytical chemistry

Possible directions include ( eventually combinations of ): ancient Greek and Latin, Modern Languages ( stressing French and Dutch, English and a choice between Spanish or German ), Sciences ( chemistry, physics, biology and geography ), Mathematics, Economy, and Human Sciences ( psychology, sociology, media ).

Modern Pueblo oral traditions hold that the Pueblo originated to the north of their current settlements, from sipapu, where they emerged from the underworld.

Modern scholarly thinking is that the books originated by combining a number of independent texts of various ages when the larger Deuteronomistic history ( the Former Prophets plus Deuteronomy ) was being composed in the period c. 630-540 BCE.

Modern Canadian football is widely regarded as having originated with a game played in Montreal, in 1865, when British Army officers played local civilians.

According to Partridge ( 1972: 12 ), it dates from around 1840 and arose in the East End of London, however John Camden Hotten in his 1859 Dictionary of Modern Slang, Cant and Vulgar Words states that ( English ) rhyming slang originated " about twelve or fifteen years ago " ( i. e. in the 1840s ) with ' chaunters ' and ' patterers ' in the Seven Dials area of London.

Modern fencing originated in the 18th century, in the Italian school of fencing of the Renaissance, and, under their influence, was improved by the French school of fencing.

Modern sociology largely originated from this movement and Hume's philosophical concepts that directly influenced James Madison ( and thus the U. S. Constitution ) and when popularised by Dugald Stewart, would be the basis of classical liberalism.

He originated the industry of specialized publications for radio with Modern Electrics and the Electrical Experimenter first.

Modern mandolins — which originated in Naples, Italy in the late 18th century — commonly have four double courses ( four pairs ) of metal strings, which are plucked with a plectrum.

Modern manga originated in the Occupation ( 1945 – 1952 ) and post-Occupation years ( 1952 – early 1960s ), while a previously militaristic and ultra-nationalist Japan rebuilt its political and economic infrastructure.

The most important Prestige recordings of this period ( Dig, Blue Haze, Bags ' Groove, Miles Davis and the Modern Jazz Giants, and Walkin ') originated mostly from recording sessions in 1951 and 1954, after Davis ' recovery from his addiction.

Modern pizza originated in Italy as the Neapolitan pie with tomato.

Modern socialism originated from an 18th-century intellectual and working class political movement that criticised the effects of industrialisation and private property on society.

Modern wargaming originated with the military need to study warfare and to ' reenact ' old battles for instructional purposes.

Modern commercial toilet paper originated in the 19th century, with a patent for roll-based dispensers being made in 1883.

Modern cost accounting originated during the industrial revolution, when the complexities of running a large scale business led to the development of systems for recording and tracking costs to help business owners and managers make decisions.

Modern mythologists, however, reverse the supposition, insisting that the cult of Adonis-Tammuz originated the shrine and that it was the Christians who took it over, substituting the worship of their own God.

Modern species of cattle are believed to have originated from the extinct aurochs.

Modern lesbian parenting originated with women who were in heterosexual relationships who later identified as lesbian as changing attitudes provided more acceptance for homosexuals.

Modern settlement originated in Anglo-Saxon times when it consisted of Havering Palace and the surrounding lands that belonged to the king.

Modern hypotheses supporting a flat Earth originated with English inventor Samuel Rowbotham ( 1816 – 1884 ).

Modern microcredit is generally considered to have originated with the Grameen Bank founded in Bangladesh in 1983.

Modern consumer privacy law in a recognizable form originated in telecom regulation, when it was recognized that a telco, especially a monopoly ( known in most nations as a PTT ), had access to unprecedented levels of information about not only the direct customer's communications habits and correspondents, but also that of those who shared his or her household.

Modern pigeon racing originated in Belgium in the mid 19th century.

Pop group Modern Romance started life as punk band The Leyton Buzzards, though they originated from Leyton in London rather than Bedfordshire.