Modern critical theory arose from the anti-positivist sociology of Max Weber and Georg Simmel, the Marxist theories of György Lukács and of Antonio Gramsci, towards that of the Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt.

Modern historical analysis usually draws upon other social sciences, including economics, sociology, politics, psychology, anthropology, philosophy and linguistics.

Modern sociology has, since Max Weber, often been preoccupied with the problem of authority in secularized societies and with secularization as a sociological or historical process.

Modern academic sociology began with the analysis of religion in Émile Durkheim's 1897 study of suicide rates among Catholic and Protestant populations, a foundational work of social research which served to distinguish sociology from other disciplines, such as psychology.

Modern scientific psychiatry, psychopharmacology, psychiatric genetics, environmental physics, and modern sociology were introduced as scientific disciplines by Heidelberg faculty.

He separated empiricism and sociology from the " Modern Mythology of Nazi Occultism " books which " have represented the Nazi phenomenon as the product of arcane and demonic influence ".

The Making of the Modern World is a cross-cultural, cross-disciplinary series in world civilizations, organized chronologically, that seeks to combine various disciplines including history, religious studies, philosophy, sociology, and visual arts into course that offers a survey of the sum total of world history, not just from a eurocentric perspective, but from a more international view, including developments in China, India, Africa, and the Americas.

Modern sociology evolved in part as a reaction to the problems associated with modernity, such as industrialization and the process of ' rationalization '.

Some scholars distinguish Classical Indology from Modern Indology, the former more focussed on Sanskrit and other ancient language sources, the latter on contemporary India, its politics and sociology.

Modern academic sociology arose as a reaction to modernity, capitalism, urbanization, rationalization, and secularization, bearing a particularly strong interest in the emergence of the modern nation state ; its constituent institutions, its units of socialization, and its means of surveillance.

Modern understanding of internal communications is a field of its own and draws on the theory and practice of related professions, not least journalism, knowledge management, public relations, media relations, marketing and human resources, as well as wider organizational studies, communication theory, social psychology, sociology and political science.

Members of the Department specialize in various stages of the development of philosophy ( Ancient philosophy, the Middle Ages, the Modern era, contemporary and postmodern philosophy ), also carrying out research in various philosophical disciplines ( metaphysics, logic, aesthetics, sociology, political science, religious studies, philosophy of nature, philosophy of history ) and investigating various aspects and problems of philosophy ( ethics of medicine, feminism, applied ethics, interpretation of art, Bible studies, philosophy of language ).

Possible directions include ( eventually combinations of ): ancient Greek and Latin, Modern Languages ( stressing French and Dutch, English and a choice between Spanish or German ), Sciences ( chemistry, physics, biology and geography ), Mathematics, Economy, and Human Sciences ( psychology, sociology, media ).

Modern Westerners have difficulty comprehending this fusion of moral and material, largely because in the West the historical trend has been to deny the connection.

Modern crocodilians can live as scavengers and can survive for months without food and go into hibernation when conditions are unfavourable, and their young are small, grow slowly, and feed largely on invertebrates and dead organisms or fragments of organisms for their first few years.

Modern crocodilians can live as scavengers and can survive for months without food, and their young are small, grow slowly, and feed largely on invertebrates and dead organisms or fragments of organisms for their first few years.

Modern women rarely wish to become concubines, therefore, debates about the rights of concubines are largely irrelevant.

Modern Esperanto usage may in fact depart from that originally described in the Fundamento, though the differences are largely semantic ( involving changed meaning of words ) rather than grammatical or phonological.

Modern English has largely abandoned the inflectional case system of Indo-European in favor of analytic constructions.

Modern stabilized and laminated woods have largely overcome these problems.

Modern U. S. daytime soap operas largely stay true to the original soap opera format.

Flood earned them a platinum album, largely thanks to the success of " Birdhouse in Your Soul " which reached number three on the US Modern Rock chart, as well as " Istanbul ( Not Constantinople )".

Modern scholars largely reject such efforts to garner biographical details from fictive texts preferring instead to interpret the diverse characters and themes as representing the poet's own contrastive perceptions of contemporary life and thought.

In Modern Hebrew, a Semitic language, most nouns have only singular and plural forms, such as ספר " book " and ספרים " books ", but some have distinct dual forms using a distinct dual suffix ( largely nouns pertaining to numbers or time, such as אלפיים " two thousand " and שבועיים " two weeks "), some use this dual suffix for their regular plurals ( largely body parts that tend to come in pairs, such as עיניים " eyes ", as well as some that do not, such as שיניים " teeth "), and some are inherently dual ( such as מכנסיים " pants " and אופניים " bicycle ").

Modern scholars still debate on whether or not the Ming Dynasty really had sovereignty over Tibet at all, as some believe it was a relationship of loose suzerainty which was largely cut off when the Jiajing Emperor ( ruled in 1521 – 67 ) persecuted Buddhism in favor of Daoism at court and some scholars argue that the significant religious nature of the relationship of the Ming court with Tibetan lamas is underrepresented in modern scholarship.

Modern drafting tables ( which have by now largely been replaced by CAD workstations ) come equipped with a drafting machine that is supported on both sides of the table to slide over a large piece of paper.

Modern scholarship has largely imputed to Hugh the motive of establishing a dynasty against the pretension of electoral power on the part of the aristocracy, but this is not the typical view of contemporaries and even some modern scholars have been less sceptical of Hugh's " plan " to campaign in Spain.

Modern scholarship has largely imputed to Hugh the motive of establishing a dynasty against the claims of electoral power on the part of the aristocracy, but this is not the typical view of contemporaries and even some modern scholars have been less sceptical of Hugh's " plan " to campaign in Spain.

Among the issues have been the extent to which Modern Orthodoxy should cooperate with the more liberal denominations, support secular academic pursuits combined with religious learning, and embrace efforts to give women a larger role in Jewish learning and worship ; This view is largely anecdotal, and is based on individual behaviour, as opposed to any formal, institutional position ; see above:

Modern receivers, such as those produced by Detica, use sophisticated digital signal processing techniques to remove the effects of atmospheric noise ( largely caused by lightning strikes around the world ) and adjacent channel signals, extending the useful reception range.

Modern elements of tribute are restricted to highly formal and ceremonial rituals, such as: formal gifts being given to prove either fealty or loyalty upon the inauguration of a president ; a wedding of a president's child while the president is in office ; the accession or the marriage of a member of a royal family ; and even in those show business marriages that are largely staged, where studios, banks, and other stars prove their loyalty through expensive gifts in the hope of future benefits, which if not given will result in loss of business.

Ranke wrote largely on the history of Early Modern Europe, using the diplomatic archives of the European powers ( particularly the Venetians ) to construct a detailed understanding of the history of Europe wie es eigentlich gewesen (" as it actually happened .").

Modern uses are largely restricted to small items, particularly musical instrument parts, including black piano and harpsichord keys, violin, viola, guitar, double bass, and cello fingerboards, tailpieces, pegs, chinrests, and bow frogs.

Modern vehicle design and ticketing arrangements have largely eliminated the need for conductors on street railways and Light Rail systems.

Modern measurements using GPS largely support Reid ’ s theory as the basis of seismic movement, though actual events are often more complicated.

Modern archeological investigation largely supports the strikers ' reports of the event.

Modern Pueblo oral traditions hold that the Pueblo originated to the north of their current settlements, from sipapu, where they emerged from the underworld.

Modern scholarly thinking is that the books originated by combining a number of independent texts of various ages when the larger Deuteronomistic history ( the Former Prophets plus Deuteronomy ) was being composed in the period c. 630-540 BCE.

Modern Canadian football is widely regarded as having originated with a game played in Montreal, in 1865, when British Army officers played local civilians.

According to Partridge ( 1972: 12 ), it dates from around 1840 and arose in the East End of London, however John Camden Hotten in his 1859 Dictionary of Modern Slang, Cant and Vulgar Words states that ( English ) rhyming slang originated " about twelve or fifteen years ago " ( i. e. in the 1840s ) with ' chaunters ' and ' patterers ' in the Seven Dials area of London.

Modern fencing originated in the 18th century, in the Italian school of fencing of the Renaissance, and, under their influence, was improved by the French school of fencing.

He originated the industry of specialized publications for radio with Modern Electrics and the Electrical Experimenter first.

Modern mandolins — which originated in Naples, Italy in the late 18th century — commonly have four double courses ( four pairs ) of metal strings, which are plucked with a plectrum.

Modern manga originated in the Occupation ( 1945 – 1952 ) and post-Occupation years ( 1952 – early 1960s ), while a previously militaristic and ultra-nationalist Japan rebuilt its political and economic infrastructure.

The most important Prestige recordings of this period ( Dig, Blue Haze, Bags ' Groove, Miles Davis and the Modern Jazz Giants, and Walkin ') originated mostly from recording sessions in 1951 and 1954, after Davis ' recovery from his addiction.

Modern physical chemistry originated in the 1860s to 1880s with work on chemical thermodynamics, electrolytes in solutions, chemical kinetics and other subjects.

Modern pizza originated in Italy as the Neapolitan pie with tomato.

Modern socialism originated from an 18th-century intellectual and working class political movement that criticised the effects of industrialisation and private property on society.

Modern wargaming originated with the military need to study warfare and to ' reenact ' old battles for instructional purposes.

Modern commercial toilet paper originated in the 19th century, with a patent for roll-based dispensers being made in 1883.

Modern cost accounting originated during the industrial revolution, when the complexities of running a large scale business led to the development of systems for recording and tracking costs to help business owners and managers make decisions.

Modern mythologists, however, reverse the supposition, insisting that the cult of Adonis-Tammuz originated the shrine and that it was the Christians who took it over, substituting the worship of their own God.

Modern species of cattle are believed to have originated from the extinct aurochs.

Modern lesbian parenting originated with women who were in heterosexual relationships who later identified as lesbian as changing attitudes provided more acceptance for homosexuals.

Modern settlement originated in Anglo-Saxon times when it consisted of Havering Palace and the surrounding lands that belonged to the king.

Modern hypotheses supporting a flat Earth originated with English inventor Samuel Rowbotham ( 1816 – 1884 ).

Modern microcredit is generally considered to have originated with the Grameen Bank founded in Bangladesh in 1983.

Modern consumer privacy law in a recognizable form originated in telecom regulation, when it was recognized that a telco, especially a monopoly ( known in most nations as a PTT ), had access to unprecedented levels of information about not only the direct customer's communications habits and correspondents, but also that of those who shared his or her household.

Modern pigeon racing originated in Belgium in the mid 19th century.

Pop group Modern Romance started life as punk band The Leyton Buzzards, though they originated from Leyton in London rather than Bedfordshire.