Molecular diagnostics may make this differentiation obsolete in the future.

Molecular diffusion is typically described mathematically using Fick's laws of diffusion.

" Molecular biologists, using phylogenetics, can compare protein amino acid or nucleotide sequence homology ( i. e., similarity ) to infer taxonomy and evolutionary distances among organisms, but with limited statistical confidence.

In 1992, Drexler published Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing, and Computation, a detailed proposal for synthesizing stiff covalent structures using a table-top factory.

Molecular studies have been made on dugong populations using mitochondrial DNA.

Molecular studies of these viruses can now be achieved using genetic approaches to mutate the BAC while it resides in bacteria.

A., S. Chao, and S. Liu, 2007: Molecular breeding using a major QTL for Fusarium head blight resistance in wheat.

Molecular clock users have developed workaround solutions using a number of statistical approaches including maximum likelihood techniques and later Bayesian modeling.

NAMD ( Not ( just ) Another Molecular Dynamics program ) is a free-of-charge molecular dynamics simulation package written using the Charm ++ parallel programming model, noted for its parallel efficiency and often used to simulate large systems ( millions of atoms ).

It was developed in Slater's Solid State and Molecular Theory Group ( SSMTG ) at MIT using the resources of the Cooperative Computing Laboratory.

Molecular geometry can be roughly represented using a structural formula.

* “ Ready, aim, fire !” At the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology in Potsdam-Golm plant cells are ‘ bombarded ’ using a particle gun

* A simulation using the Molecular Workbench software

The central theme of the Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases ( CMMID ) is “ Animal Model of Diseases .” The faculty specializes in using various animal models that include not only traditional laboratory animal models ( mice and rats ), but also non-traditional ( chickens, pigs, dogs, fish, crab, equine ) animal models.

With higher performance processors and tools to rapidly create the volumetric tessellations, real-time finite element systems began to be used in games, beginning with Star Wars: The Force Unleashed that used Digital Molecular Matter for the deformation and destruction effects of wood, steel, flesh and pants using an algorithm developed by Dr. James O ' Brien as a part of his PhD thesis.

Computer software for performing likelihood tests of pedigree relationship using genetic markers Molecular Ecology 8: 1231-1234.

* A simulation using the Molecular Workbench software

* Molecular graphics images were produced using the UCSF Chimera package from the Resource for Biocomputing, Visualization, and Informatics at the University of California, San Francisco ( supported by NIH P41 RR-01081 ).

* Takehana, Yusuke ; Naruse, Kiyoshi & Sakaizumi, Mitsuru ( 2005 ): Molecular phylogeny of the medaka fishes genus Oryzias ( Beloniformes: Adrianichthyidae ) based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences.

A study from Leeds University and published in Molecular Biology and Evolution, examining mitochondrial DNA lineages, suggested that humans had been occupying the islands of Southeast Asia for a longer period than previously believed.

Molecular phylogeny of the chipmunks inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome b and cytochrome oxidase II gene sequences.

* 1953 – Francis Crick and James D. Watson publish " Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid " describing the double helix structure of DNA.

** Molecular Techniques: gel electrophoresis — transformation — PCR — PCR mutagenesis — primer — chromosome walking — RFLP — restriction enzyme — sequencing — shotgun sequencing — cloning — culture — DNA microarray

Molecular evidence suggests that between 8 and 4 million years ago, first the gorillas, and then the chimpanzees ( genus Pan ) split off from the line leading to the humans ; human DNA is approximately 98. 4 % identical to that of chimpanzees when comparing single nucleotide polymorphisms ( see human evolutionary genetics ).

All were impressed by the new DNA model, especially Brenner who subsequently worked with Crick at Cambridge in the Cavendish Laboratory and the new Laboratory of Molecular Biology.

Confirmation and clarity came a year later in 1953, when James D. Watson and Francis Crick correctly hypothesized, in their journal article " Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid ", the double helix structure of DNA, and suggested the copying mechanism by which DNA functions as hereditary material.

* Molecular self-assembly-Arbitrary sequences of DNA can now be synthesized cheaply in bulk, and used to create custom proteins or regular patterns of amino acids.

Molecular structure of DNA.

* April 25 – Francis Crick and James D. Watson publish " Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid ", their description of the double helix structure of DNA.

Molecular nanowires are composed of repeating molecular units either organic ( e. g. DNA ) or inorganic ( e. g. Mo < sub > 6 </ sub > S < sub > 9-x </ sub > I < sub > x </ sub >).

Molecular markers ( small lengths of DNA of a characterized / known sequence ) are used to ' tag ' and thus track such translocations.

“ Hybrid PNA / DNA Nanosystems .” In 1st International Conference on Nanoscale / Molecular Mechanics ( N-M2-I ), Outrigger Wailea Resort, Maui, Hawaii.

Molecular biologists use several shorthand terms when referring to nucleic acid molecules, such as DNA and RNA, collectively referred to as nucleic acid nomenclature.

All were impressed by the new DNA model, especially Brenner who subsequently worked with Crick at Cambridge in the Cavendish Laboratory and the new Laboratory of Molecular Biology.

GenBank coordinates with individual laboratories and other sequence databases such as those of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory ( EMBL ) and the DNA Data Bank of Japan ( DDBJ ).

Molecular phylogenetics is the analysis of hereditary molecular differences, mainly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships.

* Soltis, P. S., Soltis, D. E., and Doyle, J. J. ( 1998 ) Molecular Systematics of Plants II: DNA Sequencing.

Molecular biology research uses numerous proteins and enzymes many of which are from expression systems ; particularly DNA polymerase for PCR, reverse transcriptase for RNA analysis and restriction endonucleases for cloning.

Molecular evolution is in part a process of evolution at the scale of DNA, RNA, and proteins.

Molecular systematics has been made possible by the availability of techniques for DNA sequencing, which allow the determination of the exact sequence of nucleotides or bases in either DNA or RNA.

Molecular phylogeny, particularly with the advent of nuclear DNA testing in addition to the mDNA testing ( testing in the Conidae initially began by Christopher Meyer and Alan Kohn ) is continuing on the Conidae.

In 1994, his paper Molecular Computation of Solutions To Combinatorial Problems described the experimental use of DNA as a computational system.