* Molecular biology is the study of molecular underpinnings of the process of replication, transcription and translation of the genetic material.

Molecular, genetic and biochemical level through organelles, cells, tissues, organs, individuals, plant populations, and communities of plants are all aspects of plant life that are studied.

Molecular genetic testing by linkage analysis or direct mutation screening is available clinically ; however, genetic heterogeneity is a significant complication to molecular genetic testing.

A study conducted by the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology in 2009 ( in collaboration with Harvard Medical School, Harvard School of Public Health and the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT ) analyzed half a million genetic markers across the genomes of 132 individuals from 25 ethnic groups from 13 states in India across multiple caste groups.

* Molecular Biology studies the common genetic and developmental mechanisms of animals and plants

* Molecular Genetic Study of Sexual Orientation A genetic study of gay brothers at Northwestern University.

Molecular studies of these viruses can now be achieved using genetic approaches to mutate the BAC while it resides in bacteria.

Molecular genetics study suggests that surviving Amerindian populations derived from a theoretical single founding population, possibly from only 50 to 70 genetic contributors Preliminary research, restricted to only 9 genomic regions ( or loci ) have shown a genetic link between original Americas and Asia populations.

A study conducted by the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology in 2009 ( in collaboration with Harvard Medical School, Harvard School of Public Health and the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT ) analyzed half a million genetic markers across the genomes of 132 individuals from 25 ethnic groups from 13 states in India across multiple caste groups.

Molecular genetic analyses strongly suggest that Pacific cod and Greenland cod ( Gadus ogac ) from Greenland – the Arctic ocean are the same species ; G. ogac is then a junior synonym of G. macrocephalus.

Molecular phylogenetic analyses have proven these three are all distinctive and separate species ; other taxa formerly believed to be unique species or subspecies, such as B. betulicola, B. chippewaensis, B. persoonii, B. quercicola and B. venturii, are now known to be part of a B. edulis species complex with a wide morphological, ecological and geographic range, and that the genetic variability in this complex is low.

Molecular genetic studies have defined at least two loci for TSC.

Molecular genetic and genomic approaches have led to the recognition that the kinesins form a diverse superfamily of motors that are responsible for multiple intracellular motility events in eukaryotic cells.

Molecular evidence indicates that Archaezoa have the genetic marker of mitochondria in their nucleus that suggests the had and then lost mitochondria.

Molecular genetic studies of the HPRT gene mutations may confirm diagnosis, and are particularly helpful for subsequent ' carrier testing ' in at-risk females such as close family relatives on the female side.

Molecular genetic testing is the most effective method of testing, as HPRT1 is the only gene known to be associated with LNS.

Molecular genetic testing for this mutation is available clinically.

Molecular genetic variation across the eastern and southern geographic range of the African lion, Panthera leo.

Molecular genetic testing of the NEMO IKBKG gene ( chromosomal locus Xq28 ) reveals disease-causing mutations in about 80 % of probands.

Computer software for performing likelihood tests of pedigree relationship using genetic markers Molecular Ecology 8: 1231-1234.

Molecular and genetic approaches to understanding cell biology uncovered entirely new signalling networks that regulate cellular activities such as proliferation and survival.

Molecular studies, however, have shown that the Cetacea descend from the Artiodactyl ancestors, although the precise phylogeny within the order remains uncertain.

Molecular phylogenetic studies have suggested that Perissodactyla and Cetartiodactyla are closest to Carnivora and Pholidota rather than to Pseudungulata.

Molecular techniques are also widely used in studies of avian population biology and ecology.

Molecular phylogeny studies, however, have shown that the mysterious mesozoans are polyphyletic.

Molecular systematic studies have suggested that these families are not closely related to each other and the APG II system ( 2003 ) assigns them to several different orders: Hamamelidaceae and Cercidiphyllaceae to Saxifragales, Eupteleaceae to Ranunculales, Platanaceae to Proteales, and Myrothamnaceae to Gunnerales.

Molecular studies have been made on dugong populations using mitochondrial DNA.

Molecular studies such as DNA-DNA hybridization ( Sibley & Ahlquist, 1990 ) and sequence analyses fail to resolve the relationships of grebes properly due to insufficient resolution in the former and long-branch attraction in the latter.

In 2005 and 2007 studies, a geneticist with the Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation showed " with 99. 9 percent accuracy " that five of these individuals were in fact not Smith descendants: Mosiah Hancock ( son of Clarissa Reed Hancock ), Oliver Buell ( son of Prescindia Huntington Buell ), Moroni Llewellyn Pratt ( son of Mary Ann Frost Pratt ), Zebulon Jacobs ( son of Zina Diantha Huntington Jacobs Smith ), and Orrison Smith ( son of Fanny Alger ).

Molecular studies are contributing to the fields of clinical research, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, and prevention of disease.

Molecular studies have found the Hamerkop to be the closest relative of the Shoebill.

Molecular studies seem to confirm that the Kagu and Sunbittern are each other's closest living relatives.

Molecular studies of the pipits suggest that the genus arose in East Asia around seven million years ago ( mya ), during the Miocene, and that the genus had spread to the Americas, Africa and Europe between 5 and 6 mya.

Molecular studies suggest that this order is the sister to Plecoptera or to Ephemeroptera.

Molecular studies by several groups of authors, as of 2008, have confirmed that the baccate ( fleshy ) fruits evolved twice from capsular fruits, and as such the two subfamily classification does not accurately portray the phylogenetic (= evolutionary ) history of the family.

Molecular studies find support for few close relatives, and they are treated as a family at present, although it has been suggested that they form a clade with two enigmatic species in the genus Modulatrix.

Molecular genetics is the field of biology and genetics that studies the structure and function of genes at a molecular level.

Molecular studies on the genus Eumeces Wiegmann, 1834: phylogenetic relationships and taxonomic implications.

Molecular phylogenetic studies have shown this circumscription of Liliaceae is not monophyletic.

Molecular phylogenetic studies confirmed the suspicions of many that this group was misplaced, and consequently, the family Themidaceae was resurrected in 1996.

Molecular studies have indicated that the eastern and western Atlantic populations have been genetically distinct for at least one million years, and could potentially be considered as separate subspecies.

Molecular phylogenetic studies, however, have demonstrated conclusively that Glaucidium belongs in Ranunculaceae, but that Paeonia belongs in the unrelated order Saxifragales.

* Cheminformatics studies from Unilever Centre for Molecular Informatics to OpenEye