Molecular studies, however, have shown that the Cetacea descend from the Artiodactyl ancestors, although the precise phylogeny within the order remains uncertain.

Molecular phylogenetic studies have suggested that Perissodactyla and Cetartiodactyla are closest to Carnivora and Pholidota rather than to Pseudungulata.

* Molecular Biology studies the common genetic and developmental mechanisms of animals and plants

Molecular techniques are also widely used in studies of avian population biology and ecology.

Molecular phylogeny studies, however, have shown that the mysterious mesozoans are polyphyletic.

Molecular systematic studies have suggested that these families are not closely related to each other and the APG II system ( 2003 ) assigns them to several different orders: Hamamelidaceae and Cercidiphyllaceae to Saxifragales, Eupteleaceae to Ranunculales, Platanaceae to Proteales, and Myrothamnaceae to Gunnerales.

Molecular studies have been made on dugong populations using mitochondrial DNA.

Molecular studies of these viruses can now be achieved using genetic approaches to mutate the BAC while it resides in bacteria.

Molecular studies such as DNA-DNA hybridization ( Sibley & Ahlquist, 1990 ) and sequence analyses fail to resolve the relationships of grebes properly due to insufficient resolution in the former and long-branch attraction in the latter.

In 2005 and 2007 studies, a geneticist with the Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation showed " with 99. 9 percent accuracy " that five of these individuals were in fact not Smith descendants: Mosiah Hancock ( son of Clarissa Reed Hancock ), Oliver Buell ( son of Prescindia Huntington Buell ), Moroni Llewellyn Pratt ( son of Mary Ann Frost Pratt ), Zebulon Jacobs ( son of Zina Diantha Huntington Jacobs Smith ), and Orrison Smith ( son of Fanny Alger ).

Molecular studies are contributing to the fields of clinical research, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, and prevention of disease.

Molecular studies have found the Hamerkop to be the closest relative of the Shoebill.

Molecular studies seem to confirm that the Kagu and Sunbittern are each other's closest living relatives.

Molecular studies of the pipits suggest that the genus arose in East Asia around seven million years ago ( mya ), during the Miocene, and that the genus had spread to the Americas, Africa and Europe between 5 and 6 mya.

Molecular studies suggest that this order is the sister to Plecoptera or to Ephemeroptera.

Molecular genetic studies revealed, that the traditional classification, based on morphological and anatomical characters, often did not reflect the phylogenetical relationships.

Molecular studies by several groups of authors, as of 2008, have confirmed that the baccate ( fleshy ) fruits evolved twice from capsular fruits, and as such the two subfamily classification does not accurately portray the phylogenetic (= evolutionary ) history of the family.

Molecular genetics is the field of biology and genetics that studies the structure and function of genes at a molecular level.

Molecular studies on the genus Eumeces Wiegmann, 1834: phylogenetic relationships and taxonomic implications.

Molecular phylogenetic studies have shown this circumscription of Liliaceae is not monophyletic.

Molecular phylogenetic studies confirmed the suspicions of many that this group was misplaced, and consequently, the family Themidaceae was resurrected in 1996.

Molecular studies have indicated that the eastern and western Atlantic populations have been genetically distinct for at least one million years, and could potentially be considered as separate subspecies.

Molecular phylogenetic studies, however, have demonstrated conclusively that Glaucidium belongs in Ranunculaceae, but that Paeonia belongs in the unrelated order Saxifragales.

* Cheminformatics studies from Unilever Centre for Molecular Informatics to OpenEye

Molecular surgical tools, guided by molecular computers and injected into the blood stream could find and destroy cancer cells or invading bacteria, unclog arteries, or provide oxygen when the circulation is impaired.

Molecular phylogenetic analysis has lent support to this hypothesis, and it is now generally accepted.

The African warbler genus Hyliota as a lost lineage in the Oscine songbird tree: Molecular support for an African origin of the Passerida.

* Johansson, Ulf S. & Ericson, Per G. P. ( 2003 ): Molecular support for a sister group relationship between Pici and Galbulae ( Piciformes sensu Wetmore 1960 ).

* Johansson, Ulf S. & Ericson, Per G. P. ( 2003 ): Molecular support for a sister group relationship between Pici and Galbulae ( Piciformes sensu Wetmore 1960 ).

( 2003 ): Molecular support for a sister group relationship between Pici and Galbulae ( Piciformes sensu Wetmore 1960 ).

* ( 2003 ): Molecular support for a sister group relationship between Pici and Galbulae ( Piciformes sensu Wetmore 1960 ).

; Voelker, G. & Pasquet, E. ( 2006 ): The African warbler genus Hyliota as a lost lineage in the Oscine songbird tree: Molecular support for an African origin of the Passerida.

The Molecular Foundry provides support to nanoscience researchers in university, industrial and government laboratories around the world.

Molecular studies support their placement as a sister taxon to Ichthyophiidae.

* Molecular laser isotope separation and support of laser development for atomic vapor laser isotope separation.

Molecular data strongly support the inclusion of this family in the order Malpighiales.

* 1953 – Francis Crick and James D. Watson publish " Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid " describing the double helix structure of DNA.

Molecular mechanics simulations, for example, use a single classical expression for the energy of a compound, for instance the harmonic oscillator.

* Center for Advanced Molecular Photovoltaics

Molecular distillation is used industrially for purification of oils.

Molecular sieves are often used for this purpose as well.

Two sister organizations were formed: the Institute for Molecular Manufacturing and the Center for Constitutional Issues in Technology.

See, for example, the Molecular Genealogy Research Project.

Confirmation and clarity came a year later in 1953, when James D. Watson and Francis Crick correctly hypothesized, in their journal article " Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid ", the double helix structure of DNA, and suggested the copying mechanism by which DNA functions as hereditary material.

In practice, credit has accrued to both the inventor and the company ( although not its individual workers ) in the form of a Nobel Prize and a $ 10, 000 Cetus bonus for Mullis and $ 300 million for Cetus when the company sold the patent to Roche Molecular Systems.

* Centre for Molecular Protein Science

", Micro and Mol Biol Revs, 68, 796-813 ( available online at Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, American Society for Microbiology )

Molecular structure of 3, 4-diaminopyridine, a commonly used drug treatment for LEMS.

* MARS, or Molecular Adsorbents Recirculation System for liver dialysis

For instance, polyethylene ( PE ) is a cheap, low friction polymer commonly used to make disposable shopping bags and trash bags, and is considered a commodity plastic, whereas medium-density polyethylene ( MDPE ) is used for underground gas and water pipes, and another variety called Ultra-high Molecular Weight Polyethylene UHMWPE is an engineering plastic which is used extensively as the glide rails for industrial equipment and the low-friction socket in implanted hip joints.

In 1992, Drexler published Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing, and Computation, a detailed proposal for synthesizing stiff covalent structures using a table-top factory.

* Nanotechnology: Molecular Speculations on Global Abundance Edited by BC Crandall ( ISBN 0-262-53137-2 ) offers interesting ideas for MNT applications.

* Institute for Molecular Manufacturing

Molecular nanotechnology is highly theoretical, seeking to anticipate what inventions nanotechnology might yield and to propose an agenda for future inquiry.

According to Robert Freitas of the Institute for Molecular Manufacturing, a typical blood borne medical nanorobot would be between 0. 5-3 micrometres in size, because that is the maximum size possible due to capillary passage requirement.

Robert A. Freitas Jr. is a Senior Research Fellow, one of four researchers at the nonprofit foundation Institute for Molecular Manufacturing in Palo Alto, California.