In doing so, he would follow in the footsteps of his grandfather's younger cousin, George Kennan ( explorer ), who had been a leading 19th-century expert on Imperial Russia and author of Siberia and the Exile System, a well-received 1891 account of the Czarist prison system.

In his historical writings and memoirs, Kennan laments in great detail the failings of democratic foreign policymakers and those of the United States in particular.

Unaccustomed to the " elite " atmosphere of the Ivy League, the shy and introverted Kennan found his undergraduate years difficult and lonely.

At Moscow, Kennan found the atmosphere even more regimented than on his previous trips, with police guards following him everywhere, discouraging contact with Soviet citizens.

Later that year, diplomat George Kennan wrote an article in Foreign Affairs magazine that became known as the " X Article ", which first articulated the policy of containment, arguing that the further spread of Communism to countries outside a " buffer zone " around the USSR, even if it happened via democratic elections, was unacceptable and a threat to U. S. national security.

Kennan was also involved, along with others in the Truman administration, in creating the Marshall Plan, which also began in 1947, to give aid to the countries of Western Europe ( along with Greece and Turkey ), in large part with the hope of keeping them from falling under Soviet domination.

In February 1946, Kennan, an American diplomat in Moscow, sent his famed " Long Telegram ", which predicted the Soviets would only respond to force and that the best way to handle them would be through a long-term strategy of containment, that is stopping their geographical expansion.

Location of Kennan ( town ), WisconsinAccording to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 70. 0 square miles ( 181. 2 km² ), of which, 69. 9 square miles ( 181. 1 km² ) of it is land and 0. 1 square miles ( 0. 1 km² ) of it ( 0. 07 %) is water.

He is also the official biographer of the seminal 20th century statesman George F. Kennan, for which he won the Pulitzer Prize for Biography in 2012.

The decision, made by the network's vice president of broadcasting, John M. Schneider, specifically related to the testimony of George F. Kennan not being shown, in contrast to NBC News, which was showing it live.

Meanwhile, Kennan closely followed Stalin's Great Purge, which would profoundly affect his outlook on the internal dynamics of the Soviet regime for the rest of his life.

There, Kennan grew even more disenchanted with the State Department, which he believed was ignoring his qualifications as a trained specialist.

Although Kennan regarded the Soviet Union as too weak to risk war, he nonetheless considered it an enemy capable of expanding into Western Europe through subversion, given the popular support for Moscow-controlled Communist parties in Western Europe, which remained demoralized by the devastation of the Second World War.

Kennan and Charles Bohlen another State Department expert on Russia, fought over the wording of NSC-68, which emerged as the blueprint for waging the Cold War.

Kennan opposed the building of the hydrogen bomb and the rearmament of Germany, which were policies backed up by the assumptions of NSC-68.

During the Korean War ( which began when North Korea invaded South Korea in June 1950 ), when rumors started circulating in the State Department that plans were being made to advance beyond the 38th parallel into North Korea, a move that Kennan considered highly dangerous, he engaged in intense arguments with Assistant Secretary of State for the Far East Dean Rusk, who apparently supported Acheson's goal to forcibly unite the Koreas.

At the time, Soviet propaganda charged the U. S. with preparing for war, which Kennan did not wholly dismiss.

" Kennan found the Yugoslav government treated the American diplomats politely and warmly, a sharp contrast from the way in which he was treated in Moscow.

According to historian David Mayers, Kennan argued that Tito's perceived pro-Soviet position was in fact a ploy to " buttress Khrushchev's position within the Politburo against hardliners opposed to improving relations with the West and against China, which was pushing for a major Soviet – U. S. showdown.

In 1957, Kennan was invited by the BBC to give the annual Reith Lectures — a series of six radio lectures, which were titled Russia, the Atom and the West.

Kennan opposed the Clinton administration's war in Kosovo and its expansion of NATO ( the establishment of which he had also opposed half a century earlier ), expressing fears that both policies would worsen relations with Russia.

His 16, 000-word essay, " Marooned in the Cold War: America, the Alliance and the Quest for a Vanished World ," which appeared in World Policy Journal ( Fall 1997 ) provoked a prolonged exchange of letters and responses from Assistant Secretary of State Richard Holbrooke, Deputy Secretary of State Strobe Talbott, Congressman Lee H. Hamilton, and Ambassador George F. Kennan.

The KH-10 intended for the MOL program was succeeded by the unmanned KH-11 Kennan, which launched in 1976 as the Soviet Union was winding down its manned space reconnaissance program.

As the Cold War began, N. J. Spykman and George F. Kennan laid down the foundations for the U. S. policy of containment, which would dominate Western geostrategic thought for the next forty years.

The American foreign policy expert George Kennan, serving at the time as ambassador to Yugoslavia, sought unsuccessfully to dissuade President John F. Kennedy from proclaiming the week on the ground that the United States had no reason to make the resolution, which in effect called for the overthrow of all the governments of Eastern Europe, a part of public policy.

Kennan carried no sway over Davies's decisions, and the ambassador even suggested that Kennan be transferred out of Moscow for " his health.

The magazine's pool of writers were associated with the muckraker movement, such as Ray Stannard Baker, Burton J. Hendrick, George Kennan ( explorer ), John Moody ( financial analyst ), Henry Reuterdahl, George Kibbe Turner, and Judson C. Welliver, and their names adorned the front covers.

Holbrooke's unfulfilled ambition was to become Secretary of State ; he along with George Kennan and Chip Bohlen, were considered among the most influential U. S. diplomats who never achieved cabinet rank.

In Moscow, Kennan again felt that his opinions were being ignored by Harry S. Truman and policymakers in Washington.

" My thoughts about containment " said Kennan in a 1996 interview to CNN, " were of course distorted by the people who understood it and pursued it exclusively as a military concept ; and I think that that, as much as any other cause, led to 40 years of unnecessary, fearfully expensive and disoriented process of the Cold War.

" They were not like Hitler ," noted Kennan.

In his memoirs, Kennan recalled, " So far as I could see, we were expecting to be able to gain our objectives ... without making any concessions though, only ' if we were really all-powerful, and could hope to get away with it.

Kennan attempted to restore Tito's confidence in the American foreign policy establishment but his efforts were compromised by a series of diplomatic blunders and crimes, the Bay of Pigs Invasion, and the U-2 spy incident.

In Section Five, Kennan exposited Soviet weaknesses and proposed U. S. strategy, stating that despite the great challenge, “ my conviction that problem is within our power to solve — and that without recourse to any general military conflict .” He argued that the Soviet Union would be sensitive to force, that the Soviets were weak, compared to the united Western world, that the Soviets were vulnerable to internal instability, and that Soviet propaganda was primarily negative and destructive.

" Other contributors, who were generally paid nothing or only a modest fee, included James Baldwin, Daniel Bell, Willy Brandt, David Dallin, Milovan Djilas, Theodore Draper, Max Eastman, Ralph Ellison, Hubert Humphrey, George F. Kennan, Murray Kempton, Hans Morgenthau, Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Albert Murray, Ralph de Toledano, Reinhold Niebuhr, George Orwell, Bertrand Russell, Bayard Rustin, and Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr ..

In contrast to general opinion, George F. Kennan, who is taken to be the founder of this ideology in the famous Long Telegram, asserted that his ideas had been misinterpreted and that he never advocated military intervention, merely economic support.

If Mr. Kennan is sometimes a little somber in his appraisals, if his analysis of how Western diplomacy met the challenge of an era of great wars and social revolutions is often critical and pessimistic -- well, the record itself is not too encouraging.

A veteran diplomat with an extraordinary knowledge of Russian language, history and literature, Kennan recalls how, at the time of Hitler's attack on the Soviet Union in 1941, he penned a private note to a State Department official, expressing the hope that `` never would we associate ourselves with Russian purposes in the areas of eastern Europe beyond her own boundaries ''.

As Kennan shows, the judgment of the Allied governments about what was happening in Russia was warped by the obsession of defeating Germany.

here Kennan, operating with precise facts and figures, performs an excellent job of debunking.

Mr. Kennan, who has recently abandoned authorship for a new round of diplomacy as the recently appointed American ambassador to Yugoslavia, is not the only man who finds it easier to portray the past than to prescribe for the future.

George Kennan, an American working on the Western Union Telegraph Expedition in the late 1860s, found that dog sled travel on the lower Anadyr was limited by lack of firewood.

Some observers ( including George Kennan ) believed that the Japanese treaty led Stalin to approve a plan to invade U. S .- supported South Korea on June 25, 1950.

Though the article was signed pseudonymously by " X ," it was well known at the time that the true author was George F. Kennan, the deputy chief of mission of the United States to the Soviet Union from 1944 to 1946, under ambassador W. Averell Harriman.

* 1845 – George Kennan, American explorer ( d. 1924 )

* 1904 – George F. Kennan, American historian and diplomat ( d. 2005 )

The Plan was largely the creation of State Department officials, especially William L. Clayton and George F. Kennan.

The Finnish and Baltic invasions began a deterioration of relations between the Soviets and Germany .< ref > Kennan, George.

* Kennan, George.

** George F. Kennan, American diplomat ( d. 2005 )

Hazleton and Kennan added a third angle, that of communication.

* 1957: Russia Leaves the War: Soviet-American Relations, 1917 – 1920 by George F. Kennan

* G. Kennan, Tent Life in Siberia ( 1871 ); " Über die Koriaken u. ihnen nähe verwandten Tchouktchen ," in But.