Isaiah is well known in Muslim exegesis and literature, notably for his predictions of the coming of Jesus and Muhammad.

Muslim exegesis preserves a tradition, which parallels that of the Hebrew Bible, which states that Hezekiah was the king that ruled over Jerusalem during Isaiah's time.

In a death which resembles that attributed to Isaiah in Lives of the Prophets, Muslim exegesis recounts that Isaiah was martyred by Israelites by being sawed in half.

Muslim exegesis, however, names all of Noah's sons, and these include Japheth.

Japheth's descendants in Muslim exegesis more-or-less agrees with the Biblical traditions.

Muslim exegesis and Qur ' an commentary, however, names them and includes John among the disciples.

Jeremiah is not mentioned in the Qur ' an, but Muslim exegesis and literature narrates many instances from the life of Jeremiah and tradition fleshes out his narrative.

Muslim exegesis and Qur ' an commentary includes James amongst the disciples of Jesus, and is known as يعقوب.

Muslim exegesis states that Sarah asked Abraham to marry her Egyptian handmaiden Hagar because she herself was barren.

Muslim exegesis and Qur ' an commentary, however, names them and includes Simon amongst the disciples.

Salafis view the Salaf as an eternal model for all succeeding Muslim generations in their beliefs, exegesis, method of worship, mannerisms, morality, piety and conduct: the Islam they practiced is seen pure, unadulterated and, therefore, the ultimate authority for the interpretation of the Sunnah.

That philosophy was admittedly only a set of conjectures — unencumbered with any test or proof ; but the Muslim philosophers felt no remorse in treating its views on the system of skies, orbits, natural elements and other related subjects as the absolute truth with which the exegesis of the Qur ' an had to conform.

Muhammad Abu Mansur al-Maturidi ( 853 AD-333 AH / 944 AD ) () was a Turkic Muslim theologian, and a scholar of Islamic jurisprudence and Qur ' anic exegesis.

A number of classical Muslim scientists and commentators did not believe in the scientific exegesis of the Qur ' an ; Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī ( 973-1048 ), one of the most celebrated Muslim scientists of the classical period, assigned to the Qur ' an a separate and autonomous realm of its own and held that the Qur ' an " does not interfere in the business of science nor does it infringe on the realm of science.

In 1285, the Muslim scholar Ibn Taymiyya started teaching Qur ' an exegesis in the mosque.

Muslim tradition, however, fleshes out the details regarding Benjamin and refers to him as being born from Jacob's wife Rachel, and further links a connection, as does Jewish tradition, between the names of Benjamin's children and Joseph.

The Danish publication of cartoons portraying prophet Muhammad further damaged relations with Europe's Muslim population, and the Islamic world at-large.

But this information was used as a starting point by Muslim jurists who expounded the laws of inheritance even further using Hadith, as well as methods of juristic reasoning like Qiyas.

" She further wrote that although " Islamic historians agree that the prophet Muhammad never hit a woman, it is also clear that Muslim communities face a domestic violence problem.

On 25 May 2009, the Constitutional Court, made up of appointed judges, released a ruling that any referendum to create a new constitution would be unconstitutional, and further would be a violation of the oath the president had taken on the Koran ( a serious matter in this overwhelmingly Muslim country ).

A major, underlying theme is an impending invasion of Europe by Muslim forces from further east and south headed by the expected Antichrist, directly reflecting the then-current Ottoman invasions and the earlier Saracen equivalents, as well as the prior expectations of the Mirabilis Liber.

In 1861, there were 571 primary and 94 secondary schools for Ottoman Christians with 140, 000 students in total, a figure that vastly exceeded the number of Muslim children in school at the same time, who were further hindered by the amount of time spent learning Arabic and Islamic theology.

This ancient work was further developed in the Middle Ages by Muslim physicians and scholars such as Albertus Magnus.

He repels a Muslim fleet near the Tagus river, he then attacks Sintra ; Lisbon and Alcácer do Sal and finally defeats a second Muslim fleet further south.

Edward was initially defiant, but an attack by a Muslim assassin in June forced him to abandon any further campaigning.

Russia, for example, clashes with the many Muslim ethnic groups on its southern border ( such as Chechnya ) but — according to Huntington — cooperates with Iran to avoid further Muslim-Orthodox violence in Southern Russia, and to help continue the flow of oil.

He held the territory against a number of attempts to re-establish Muslim control, and soon founded the Kingdom of Asturias, which became a Christian stronghold against further Muslim expansion.

They differ from other post-Islamic faiths in Muslim lands because Ahmadis first began as an Islamic reform movement, threatening the established orthodoxy present in South Asian Islam, and further was embraced by highly socially upward mobile westernizing Muslim intellectuals of the day.

Some 77 percent of the Indo-Fijians are Hindu, with a further 16 percent being Muslim and 6 percent Christian.

Following his dialogue with community leaders and his speech, no further attacks occurred against Muslim refugees, and a wider peace and order was re-established soon over the entire area.

Hindu and Sikh leaders also accused Patel and other leaders of not taking Pakistan sufficiently to task over the attacks on their communities there, and Muslim leaders further criticised him for allegedly neglecting the needs of Muslims leaving for Pakistan, and concentrating resources for incoming Hindu and Sikh refugees.

A Muslim cemetery containing about 200 human remains mingled with Christian tombs was unearthed in 2003 at the Castle Square, bearing witness to an important Muslim presence in the city during this period, but further research was stopped by the destruction of this and other historic evidence as ordered by the city ´ s mayor.

Astrolabes were further developed in the medieval Islamic world, where Muslim astronomers introduced angular scales to the astrolabe, adding circles indicating azimuths on the horizon.

With the rise of the Zionist movement in the early 20th century, the wall became a source of friction between the Jewish community and the Muslim religious leadership, who were worried that the wall was being used to further Jewish nationalistic claims to the Temple Mount and Jerusalem.

The victory of the Holy League prevented the Mediterranean Sea from becoming an uncontested highway for Muslim forces and helped to prevent the Ottomans from advancing further along the Mediterranean flank of Europe.

A memorial at the Kanchanaburi cemetery also lists 11 members of the Indian Army, who are buried in nearby Muslim cemeteries.

Medieval Muslim physicians documented detailed and extensive lists of birth control practices, including the use of abortifacients, commenting on their effectiveness and prevalence.

Early Muslim historian Ahmad al-Baladuri lists Adhri ' at as one of the towns that surrendered to the Muslims following the Battle of Tabuk in 630, while Muhammad was alive.

The number of Salafis in China are not included on percentage lists of Muslim sects in China.

" In an article published in a somewhat edited version on June 10, 2004 in the Jerusalem Post, much of which is a rehash of his November 18, 2003 article in National Review, Taheri writes " In this month's election for a new European Parliament, voters in several European Union countries, notably France and Britain, are offered common lists of Islamist and leftist candidates ... Europe's moribund extreme Left has found a new lease on life thanks to hundreds of young Muslim militants ..."

Together with his father and brothers, Alexios had conspired against Emperor Andronikos I Komnenos ( c. 1183 ), and thus he spent several years in exile in Muslim courts, including that of Saladin.

Tabari, the most famous Muslim historian, in his Ta ' rikh quotes from Muhammad Bin Sa ' ad Bin Abi Waqqas, who said: " I asked my father whether Abu Bakr was the first of the Muslims.

Although Muslim scholars have often debated over who this verse refers to, most classical commentators and modern translators have taken the opinion that this refers to Amram, the father of Moses and Aaron.

Whilst in Baghdad, ` Abdu ' l-Bahá composed a commentary at the request of his father on the Muslim tradition of " I was a Hidden Treasure " for a Súfí leader named ` Alí Shawkat Páshá.

Henry encouraged his father to conquer Ceuta ( 1415 ), the Muslim port on the North African coast across the Straits of Gibraltar from the Iberian peninsula.

Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi ( Abulcasis ), who some have called the father of modern surgery, wrote the Kitab al-Tasrif ( 1000 ), a 30-volume medical encyclopedia which was taught at Muslim and European medical schools until the 17th century.

It is said in Muslim tradition that Jonah came from the tribe of Benjamin and that his father was Amittai.

Jahangir, like his father, was not a strict Sunni Muslim ; he allowed, for example, the continuation of his father's tradition of public debate between different religions.

" Jahangir had continued his father ’ s fusion of aspects from a number of religions, while remaining as a Muslim.

Tulfah, the father of Saddam's future wife, was a devout Sunni Muslim and a veteran from the 1941 Anglo-Iraqi War between Iraqi nationalists and the United Kingdom, which remained a major colonial power in the region.

This claim, that John actually served in a Muslim court, has been questioned since he is never mentioned in Muslim sources, which however do refer to his father Sarjun ( Serigius ) as a secretary in the caliphal administration.

Muslim sources only mention that his father Sarjun ( Sergius ) left the administration around this time, and fail to name John at all.

While traditionally ascribed to the French painter and cook Claude Gelée who lived in the 17th century ( the story goes that Gelée was making a type of very buttery bread for his sick father, and the process of rolling the butter into the bread dough created a croissant-like finished product ), references appear before the 17th century, indicating a history that came originally through Muslim Spain and was converted from thin sheets of dough spread with olive oil to laminated dough with layers of butter, perhaps in Italy or Germany.

According to historic sources, William VIII, the father of William, brought to Poitiers hundreds of Muslim prisoners.

In the same period ( 1240 – 1250 ) he conquered several Muslim strongholds in Al-Andalus alongside his father, such as Murcia, Alicante and Cadiz.

He was immersed in Islamic studies as he grew up, studying first from his father and later under various other Muslim theologians.

The philosophers Moses Maimonides ( a Jew born in Muslim Spain ) and Ibn Khaldun ( born in modern-day Tunisia ), the father of sociology and historiography, were also important philosophers, though the latter did not identify himself as a falsafa, but rather a kalam author.

Gnilane Ndiémé Bakhou (?– 1948 ), Léopold Sédar Senghor's mother, and the third wife of his father, was a Muslim of Fula origin, belonging to the Tabor tribe.

In 2003, he received acclaim for his role in the French-language film adaptation of the novel Monsieur Ibrahim et les fleurs du Coran, as a Muslim Turkish merchant who becomes a father figure for a Jewish boy.

Together with his father Prince Sadruddin traveled widely in Muslim countries, coming into contact with his Islamic roots from a young age.

Traditional Muslim ceremonies were led by Sheikh Ahmed Ahmed Ibrahim, who leads the prayers at the mausoleum of the Prince's father, Aga Khan III, in Aswan, Egypt.

Abd al-Karim Qasim's father was a Sunni Muslim of Arabic and Kurdish descent who died shortly after his son's birth during World War I as a soldier for the Ottoman Empire.

Guyuk appointed his best friend's father Eljigidei as chief commander of the troops in Persia, and gave them the task of both reducing the strongholds of the Assassins a Muslim mouvement, and conquering the Abbasids in the center of the Islamic world, Iran and Iraq.