Later on, Fascist Italy could also be considered as a " constitutional monarchy " of a kind, in the sense that there was a king as the titular head of state while actual power was held by Benito Mussolini under a constitution.

Clara Petacci ( born Claretta Petacci ; 28 February 1912 – 28 April 1945 ) was the mistress of the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini, who was twenty-eight years her senior.

On 27 April 1945, when a convoy of escaping Italian Social Republic members, including Mussolini, was captured by Communist partisans, it is said that Petacci was offered the opportunity to go unmolested.

* Clara Petacci's brother, Marcello Petacci, was captured with Mussolini and Petacci.

The most notable member of this group was Julius Evola, who went on to become a preeminent occult scholar of the 20th century, as well as a right-wing philosopher and aide to Mussolini.

Mussolini was interested in Austria forming a buffer zone against Nazi Germany.

Mussolini had no hesitation in attributing the attack to the German dictator: the news reached him at Cesena, where he was examining the plans for a psychiatric hospital.

This was the greatest moment of friction between Fascism and National Socialism and Mussolini himself came down several times to reaffirm the differences in the field.

The decision to move to America and become American citizens was primarily a result of the Manifesto of Race promulgated by the fascist regime of Benito Mussolini in order to bring Italian Fascism ideologically closer to German Nazism.

" However Mussolini clarified that fascism's position on the political spectrum was not a serious issue to fascists and stated that:

" Mussolini claimed that Italian Fascism's economic system of corporatism could be identified as state capitalism which he claimed was state socialism " turned on its head ", which in either case involved " the bureaucratisation of the economic activities of the nation.

On 3 January 1925, Mussolini addressed the Fascist-dominated Italian parliament and declared that he was personally responsible for what happened, but he insisted that he had done nothing wrong.

From 1925 to 1929, Fascism steadily became entrenched in power: opposition deputies were denied access to parliament, censorship was introduced, and a December 1925 decree made Mussolini solely responsible to the King.

One early admirer of the Italian Fascists was Adolf Hitler, who, less than a month after the March, had begun to model himself and the Nazi Party upon Mussolini and the Fascists.

Mussolini was aware that Italy did not have the military capacity to carry out a long war with France or the United Kingdom and waited until France was on the verge of imminent collapse and surrender from German invasion before declaring war on France and the United Kingdom on 10 June 1940, on the assumption that the war would be short-lived following France's collapse.

By 1943, after Italy faced multiple military failures, complete reliance and subordination of Italy to Germany, and Allied invasion of Italy, and corresponding international humiliation, Mussolini was removed as head of government and arrested by the order of King Victor Emmanuel III who proceeded to dismantle the Fascist state and declared Italy's switching of allegiance to the Allied side.

Mussolini was rescued from arrest by German forces and led the German client state, the Italian Social Republic from 1943 to 1945.

On 28 April 1945, Mussolini was captured and executed by Italian communist partisans.

In 1934, Mussolini declared that employment of women was a " major aspect of the thorny problem of unemployment " and that for women, working was " incompatible with childbearing ".

Mussolini went on to say that the solution to unemployment for men was the " exodus of women from the work force ".

On 28 April, she and Mussolini were taken to Mezzegra and shot.

Mussolini wrote approvingly of the notion that profits should not be taken away from those who produced them by their own labour, saying " I do not respect — I even hate — those men that leech a tenth of the riches produced by others ".

When Mussolini learned of the warnings and the telegrams of sympathy, he took them as a personal affront and had his ambassador to the Vatican file an official protest, charging that Pius XII had taken sides against Italy's ally Germany.

By 1943 the Italian people had lost faith in Mussolini and no longer supported the war ; Italy had lost its colonies, the allies had taken North Africa in May, and Sicily had been invaded in July.

At the end of World War II, after passing through Como on his escape towards Switzerland, Benito Mussolini was taken prisoner and then shot by partisans in Giulino di Mezzegra, a small town on the north shores of Como Lake.

Italian dictator Benito Mussolini was ousted by the Grand Council of Fascism and, on orders of King Victor Emmanuel, Mussolini was taken into custody.

Mussolini and about fifteen other fascists were executed and their bodies taken to Milan for display.

Three days following his rescue in the Gran Sasso raid, Mussolini was taken to Germany for a meeting with Hitler in Rastenburg at his East Prussian headquarters.

Despite such strong rhetoric, Mussolini considered evacuating Fascists into Switzerland, although this was opposed by Germany, which instead proposed that Mussolini and key Fascist officials be taken into exile in Germany.

On April 28, Mussolini and several of the other Fascists captured with him were taken to Dongo and executed by squad shooting.

On 28 April, Mussolini was killed in Giulino ( a civil parish of Mezzegra ); the other Fascists captured with him were taken to Dongo and killed there.

After the king dismissed Mussolini in the summer of 1943, the latter was initially taken via Gaeta to the island prison of Ponza.

Their homes were taken over by German speakers from South Tyrol and the Gottschee County, who had themselves been evicted according to an agreement between Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini.

The 65 cm Zeiss telescope was originally intended as a gift from then Chancellor of Germany Adolf Hitler to the Italian Benito Mussolini, but it was not delivered and instead was taken by the Soviet Union.

By 1943, when Mussolini was deposed, Bonomi had become a leader of the group, and was appointed Prime Minister of the new Italian government, in 1944, when Rome was taken by the Allies.

Nor had Mussolini taken into consideration the recommendations of the Italian Commission of War Production, which had warned that Italy would not be able to sustain a full year of continuous warfare until 1949.

As the Paris correspondent of the London General Press at the Stresa Conference of 1935, Aigner photographed Benito Mussolini, who was about to sneeze as the picture was taken.

Starace was taken to the Piazzale Loreto and shown the body of Mussolini, which he saluted just before he was shot.

That was a surprising move, as Mussolini, during her political career, had always taken progressive stances on many issues, including abortion, artificial insemination, gay rights and civil unions.

Fascist leaders who ruled countries were not always heads of state, but were heads of government, such as Benito Mussolini, who held power under the King of Italy, Victor Emmanuel III.

Thus Mussolini claimed that Italy under Fascist rule was not capitalist in the contemporary use of the term, which referred to supercapitalism.

In 1935, the political climate in Italy ( under Mussolini ) became totally unacceptable to Escher.

" Five years after the publication of Hitler's Pope, Cornwell stated: " I would now argue, in the light of the debates and evidence following Hitler's Pope, that Pius XII had so little scope of action that it is impossible to judge the motives for his silence during the war, while Rome was under the heel of Mussolini and later occupied by Germany ".

During the 1920s, the government of Yemen forged relations with the Italian government under Mussolini, which lead to the conclusion of an Italian-Yemeni friendship treaty on September 2, 1926.

< imagemap > File: 1920s decade montage. png | From left, clockwise: Third Tipperary Brigade Flying Column No. 2 under Sean Hogan during the Irish Civil War ; Prohibition agents destroying barrels of alcohol in accordance to the 18th amendment, which made alcoholic beverages illegal throughout the entire decade ; In 1927, Charles Lindbergh embarks on the first nonstop flight from New York to Paris on the Spirit of St. Louis ; A crowd gathering on Wall Street after the 1929 stock market crash, which led to the Great Depression ; Benito Mussolini and Fascist Blackshirts during the March on Rome in 1922 ; the People's Liberation Army attacking government defensive positions in Shandong, during the Chinese Civil War ; The Women's suffrage campaign leads to numerous countries granting women the right to vote and be elected ; Babe Ruth becomes the iconic baseball player of the time .| 420px | thumb

The classic definition of Italian Fascism applies to the latter part of the history of the movement in power, when Italy was firmly under the leadership of Benito Mussolini.

This resentment, together with internal discontent and an economic downturn, allowed the Italian fascists under Benito Mussolini to rise to power in 1922.

The Kingdom of Italy and the Italian Empire fell under the leadership of the fascist dictator and Head of Government Mussolini, in the name of King Victor Emmanuel III.

On 25 July 1943, King Victor Emmanuel III dismissed Mussolini, placed him under arrest, and began secret negotiations with the Allies.

When he was six years old, his mother died and he subsequently grew up under the auspices of the English expatriate community and was particularly involved with the so-called Scorpioni, who inspired his semi-autobiographical 1999 film Tea With Mussolini.

The arena substructure was partly excavated in 1810 – 1814 and 1874 and was fully exposed under Benito Mussolini in the 1930s.

Masonry in Italy had been outlawed by the fascist regime of Benito Mussolini, but it was reborn after the Second World War under USA encouragement.

Castor oil is known to have been used as an instrument of coercion by the paramilitary Blackshirts under the regime of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini.

The Papacy started organizing its own investigations with Pope Pius VII ; under Mussolini massive excavations were undertaken from 1938 to 1942.

" He was critical of the socialist policies instituted in the Soviet Union by the Communist Party under the leadership of Joseph Stalin at the time, believing that like the fascist leaders Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler, they led to the " establishment of concentration camps, the murder and torture of free citizens, and the annihilation of all freedom.

Originally the Italian government of Benito Mussolini, under the Lateran treaties of 1929 with the Holy See, paid a monthly salary to Catholic clergymen.

In early 1944 Count Ciano was shot by firing squad at the behest of his father-in-law, Mussolini, under pressure from Nazi Germany.

Mussolini then set up a puppet government in the area of northern Italy still under German occupation called the Repubblica Sociale Italiana ( R. S. I.

The following World Cup was held in Italy under the Facist rule of Benito Mussolini, which was used to promote its regime, something that Rimet was accused of ignoring.

Mussolini, incensed by the conductor's refusal, had his phone tapped, placed him under constant surveillance and took away his passport.

During 1982, Mussolini released a pop music album of romantic songs under the title Amore on Alfa Records ; the album was released only in Japan and has since become something of a collectors item .< ref name = Orrore >

Mussolini declared Albania a protectorate under Italy's King Victor Emmanuel III.