Sanderson's model has also been used to calculate molecular geometry, s-electrons energy, NMR spin-spin constants and other parameters for organic compounds.

This ratio of large HDL to total HDL particles varies widely and is measured only by more sophisticated lipoprotein assays using either electrophoresis ( the original method developed in the 1970s ) or newer NMR spectroscopy methods ( See also: NMR and spectroscopy ), developed in the 1990s.

For instance, diamagnetism, birefringence, Raman scattering, NMR and EPR can also be used to determine S.

These parameters are also important in NMR / MRI.

Decoherence times for candidate systems, in particular the transverse relaxation time T < sub > 2 </ sub > ( for NMR and MRI technology, also called the dephasing time ), typically range between nanoseconds and seconds at low temperature.

Nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) spectroscopy is a widely used resonance method and ultrafast laser methods are also now possible in the infrared and visible spectral regions.

NMR is also routinely used in advanced medical imaging techniques, such as in magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ).

The high symmetry and concise design of these valves has also made them popular for capping NMR tubes.

Proton precession magnetometers, also known as proton magnetometers, PPMs or simply mags, measure the resonance frequency of protons ( hydrogen nuclei ) in the magnetic field to be measured, due to nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ).

It also maintains a public archive, the English Heritage Archive, formerly known as the National Monuments Record ( NMR ).

NMR imaging also uses the net spin of nuclei ( commonly protons ) for imaging.

Magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ), also called nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) scanning, uses powerful magnets to show pleural effusions and tumors.

The < sup > 13 </ sup > C polarization levels in solid compounds can reach up to ≈ 64 % and the losses during dissolution and transfer of the sample for NMR measurements can be minimized to a few percent .< ref > Compounds containing NMR-sensitive nuclei can also be hyperpolarized using chemical reactions with para-hydrogen.

Concurrently, NMR spectroscopy, which was discovered in the 1940s, was also undergoing rapid advances.

A number of different nuclei can also be detected, although the use of such techniques is generally rare due to small relative sensitivities in NMR experiments ( compared to < sup > 1 </ sup > H ) of the nuclei in question, the other factor for rare use being their slender representation in nature / organic compounds.

The structure of the Gla domain, which is responsible for Ca ( II )- dependent phospholipid binding, was also determined by NMR.

Recently, spin-labelling has also been used to probe chemical local environment in NMR itself, in a technique known as Paramagnetic Relaxation Enhancement ( PRE ).

It was also demonstrated by solid-state NMR spectroscopy that the fragment 20-29 of the human-amylin fragments membranes.

In certain cases, CIDNP also offers the possibility of large improvements in NMR sensitivity.

See also: nuclear magnetic resonance or NMR spectroscopy articles for an account on discoveries in NMR and NMR spectroscopy in general.

which also can be the basis of an NMR crystallographic study of e. g. an amorphous solid.

This is the topic of the scientific field of structural biology, which employs techniques such as X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, and dual polarisation interferometry to determine the structure of proteins.

Magic angle spinning is a technique in solid-state NMR spectroscopy which employs this principle to remove or reduce the influence of anisotropic interactions, thereby increasing spectral resolution.

Common techniques are electron microscopy ( TEM, SEM ), atomic force microscopy ( AFM ), dynamic light scattering ( DLS ), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ( XPS ), powder X-ray diffraction ( XRD ), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ( FTIR ), matrix-assisted laser desorption / ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry ( MALDI-TOF ), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, dual polarisation interferometry and nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ).

In Fourier Transform NMR, free induction decay ( FID ) is the observable NMR signal generated by non-equilibrium nuclear spin magnetisation precessing about the magnetic field ( conventionally along z ).

This time-domain signal is typically digitised and then Fourier transformed in order to obtain a frequency spectrum of the NMR signal i. e. the NMR spectrum.

In NMR spectroscopy, the orientation of nuclei with respect to the applied magnetic field determines their chemical shift.

Since then, biochemistry has advanced, especially since the mid-20th century, with the development of new techniques such as chromatography, X-ray diffraction, dual polarisation interferometry, NMR spectroscopy, radioisotopic labeling, electron microscopy, and molecular dynamics simulations.

Nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) is a technique by which external magnetic fields can be used to find resonance modes of individual electrons, thus giving information about the atomic, molecular and bond structure of their neighborhood.

NMR experiments can be made in magnetic fields with strengths up to 65 Tesla.

An excellent method for the measurement of self-diffusion coefficients is pulsed field gradient ( PFG ) NMR, where no isotopic tracers are needed.

In a so-called NMR spin echo experiment this technique uses the nuclear spin precession phase, allowing to distinguish chemically and physically completely identical species e. g. in the liquid phase, as for example water molecules within liquid water.

Whereas < sup > 1 </ sup > H NMR spectroscopy is, in general, not useful for establishing the presence of a ketone, < sup > 13 </ sup > C NMR spectra exhibit signals somewhat downfield of 200 ppm depending on structure.

MRI makes use of the property of nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) to image nuclei of atoms inside the body.

In a 1971 paper in the journal Science, Dr. Raymond Damadian, an Armenian-American physician, scientist, and professor at the Downstate Medical Center State University of New York ( SUNY ), reported that tumors and normal tissue can be distinguished in vivo by nuclear magnetic resonance (" NMR ").

As the National Science Foundation notes, " The patent included the idea of using NMR to ' scan ' the human body to locate cancerous tissue.

Nuclear spin is best known for its crucial role in the NMR / MRI technique for chemistry and biochemistry analysis.

Today, the main tools are proton and carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography.

* Nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) spectroscopy is the most commonly used technique, often permitting complete assignment of atom connectivity and even stereochemistry using correlation spectroscopy.

NMR and infrared spectroscopy are common techniques used to determine structure.

The dynamic properties of organometallic compounds is often probed with variable-temperature NMR and chemical kinetics.

Common experimental methods of structure determination include X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy, both of which can produce information at atomic resolution.

However, NMR experiments are able to provide information from which a subset of distances between pairs of atoms can be estimated, and the final possible conformations for a protein are determined by solving a distance geometry problem.