* 1832 – Black Hawk, leader of the Sauk tribe of Native Americans, surrenders to U. S. authorities, ending the Black Hawk War.

Native Americans used red alder bark ( Alnus rubra ) to treat poison oak, insect bites, and skin irritations.

The inner bark of the alder, as well as red osier dogwood, or chokecherry, was also used by Native Americans in their smoking mixtures, known as kinnikinnick, to improve the taste of the bearberry leaf.

Whigs and moralists denounced his aggressive enforcement of the Indian Removal Act, which resulted in the forced relocation of thousands of Native Americans to Indian Territory ( now Oklahoma ).

* 1911 – Ishi, considered the last Native American to make contact with European Americans, emerges from the wilderness of northeastern California.

Early Native Americans utilized a number of cooking methods in early American Cuisine, that have been blended with early European cooking methods to form the basis of American Cuisine.

The cuisine of the American South has been influenced by the many diverse inhabitants of the region, including Americans of European descent, Native Americans and African Americans.

He turned the settlers into foragers and successful traders with the Native Americans, who taught the English how to plant corn and other crops.

Smith led expeditions to explore the regions surrounding Jamestown, and it was during one of these that the chief of the Powhatan Native Americans captured Smith.

Some friendly Native Americans ( including Squanto ) helped the Pilgrims survive through the first winter.

Native Americans were the earliest inhabitants of the land that is today known as the United States and played its first music.

* Native Americans in the United States

* 1832 – Black Hawk War: Around three-hundred United States 6th Infantry troops leave St. Louis, Missouri to fight the Sauk Native Americans.

At the beginning of the war, Pike was appointed as Confederate envoy to the Native Americans.

The Mongols also used adhesives to make their short bows, and the Native Americans of the eastern United States used a mixture of spruce gum and fat as adhesives to fashion waterproof seams in their birchbark canoes.

African Americans and Native Americans with this allele have a reduced risk of developing alcoholism.

Native Americans however, have a significantly higher rate of alcoholism than average ; it is unclear why this is the case.

Other risk factors such as cultural environmental effects e. g. trauma have been proposed to explain the higher rates of alcoholism among Native Americans compared to alcoholism levels in caucasians.

In 1840, Walker, a Protestant missionary, recorded stories of giants among the Native Americans living in Spokane, Washington.

Native Americans, on the other hand, did not fight in lines, utilizing instead guerrilla tactics.

Historical evidence also points to the use of non-returning boomerangs by the ancient Egyptians, Native Americans of California and Arizona, and inhabitants of southern India for killing birds and rabbits.

Native Americans customarily grew them along with corn and squash ( the so-called Three Sisters ), with the tall cornstalks acting as support for the beans.

* Native claims to almost all of Alaska were extinguished in exchange for approximately one-ninth of the state's land plus $ 962. 5 million in compensation distributed to 200 local village and 12 Native-owned regional corporations, plus a thirteenth corporation comprising Alaska Natives who had left the state.

This library had an extensive collection of materials about Native American linguistics and folklore, originally collected by James Hammond Trumbull.

Also, the water from the local spring was so good that the local Native Americans believed it had medicinal properties.

Sockalexis, a Native American, had played in Cleveland 1897 – 99.

During the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, who had taken the place of the Miami and Sauk and Fox peoples.

He is of English ( maternal ), Swiss and possibly Native American Modoc Tribe multi-ethnic ( paternal ) ancestry His father, Howard " Pete " Brubeck, was a cattle rancher, and his mother, Elizabeth ( née Ivey ), who had studied piano in England under Myra Hess and intended to become a concert pianist, taught piano for extra money.

Dartmouth was founded by Eleazar Wheelock, a Puritan minister from Columbia, Connecticut, who had previously sought to establish a school to train Native Americans as missionaries.

Pierce, a Native American, taught Reiter to throw an underhand spiral pass, but Reiter had short arms and was unable to throw for distance from an underhand delivery.

Many religious mythologies had a view of Earth as being a whole that is greater than the sum of its parts ( e. g. some Native American religions and various forms of shamanism ).

He remained there while various of his English companions travelled to the other colonies, because he wished to meet some Native Americans who were interested in Quaker ways — though he relates that they had " a great dispute " among themselves about whether to participate in the meeting.

Native Celtic peoples had been marginalized during the period of Roman Britain, and when the Romans abandoned the British Isles during the 400s, waves of Germanic peoples, known to later historians as the Anglo-Saxons, migrated to southern Britain and established a series of petty kingdoms in what would eventually develop into the Kingdom of England by AD 927.

Native Americans had known of the tar seeps in southern California for thousands of years, and used the tar to waterproof their canoes.

He travelled widely across Europe, and in 1971 visited America for the first time, meeting some of the Native Americans whose culture had long been a source of fascination for him.

Since the presidency of Thomas Jefferson, America's policy had been to allow Native Americans to remain east of the Mississippi as long as they became assimilated or " civilized ".

The Marshall court ruled that while Native American tribes were sovereign nations ( Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 1831 ), state laws had no force on tribal lands ( Worcester v. Georgia, 1832 ).

" Audubon had great respect for Native Americans: " Whenever I meet Indians, I feel the greatness of our Creator in all its splendor, for there I see the man naked from His hand and yet free from acquired sorrow.

Outlaw Navajos ( called ladrones, Spanish for thieves ), as well as other Native Americans, and their neighboring New Mexicans, had raided, killed and enslaved each other since they had lived side by side during Spanish rule.

Criticized for his handling of a Native American attack on Fort Détroit, he had deserted his post as commander of the fort and was avoiding the French authorities.

The Louisiana Territory was broken into smaller portions for administration, and the territories passed slavery laws similar to those in the southern states but trying to encompass the preceding French and Spanish rule ( for instance, Spain had prohibited slavery of Native Americans in 1769, but some slaves of mixed African-Native American descent were still being held in St. Louis when the US took over the Louisiana Territory ).

Some Louisiana urban environments have a multicultural, multilingual heritage, being so strongly influenced by an admixture of 18th century French, Spanish, Native American ( Indian ) and African cultures that they are considered to be somewhat exceptional in the U. S. Before the American influx and statehood at the beginning of the 19th century, the territory of current Louisiana State had been a Spanish and French colony.

* 1857 – The British East India Company disbands the 34th Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry whose sepoy Mangal Pandey had earlier revolted against the British and is considered to be the First Martyr in the War of Indian Independence.

* 1782 – Gnadenhütten massacre: Ninety-six Native Americans in Gnadenhutten, Ohio, who had converted to Christianity are killed by Pennsylvania militiamen in retaliation for raids carried out by other Indians.

The reliefs encapsulate a vision of European — Native American relations that had assumed mythic historical proportions by the 19th century.

The series The Lone Ranger ( 1949 – 1957 ), Cheyenne ( 1957 – 1963 ), and Law of the Plainsman ( 1959 – 1963 ) had Native characters who were essentially aides to the central white characters.