Epicurus was also a significant source of inspiration and interest for both Arthur Schopenhauer, having particular influence on the famous pessimist's views on suffering and death, as well as one of Schopenhauer's successors: Friedrich Nietzsche.

Nietzsche also suffered from a number of sicknesses during his lifetime.

This heroic view of history was also strongly endorsed by some philosophical figures such as Hegel, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and Spengler, but it fell out of favor after World War II.

The thought of German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche has been influential in individualist anarchism specifically in thinkers such as the French Émile Armand, the Italian Renzo Novatore, the Colombian Biofilo Panclasta, and also " translations of Nietzsche's writings in the United States very likely appeared first in Liberty, the anarchist journal edited by Benjamin Tucker ".

It may also be a euphemism for masturbation, as Richard Wagner accused Nietzsche of masturbating too much.

Schopenhauer's doctrine, which Nietzsche also refers to as Western Buddhism, advocates a separating oneself of will and desires in order to reduce suffering.

For example, in a letter to the rector of Freiburg University of November 4, 1945, Heidegger, inspired by Jünger, tries to explain the notion of “ God is dead ” as the “ reality of the Will to Power .” Heidegger also praises Jünger for defending Nietzsche against a too biological or anthropological reading during the Third Reich.

Habermas, Lyotard and Rorty are also philosophers who are influenced by Heidegger ’ s interpretation of Nietzsche.

Contrary to Nietzsche, Pannwitz also included nationalist and mythical elements in his use of the term.

* Hegel, Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York, 1982 ; reissued as Hegel: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, 2001 ; also included in full in German Philosophers: Kant, Hegel, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1997

In Nietzsche Humanist ( 1998: 129 ), Claude Pavur explains that " he Greek prefix ' anti ' does not merely designate opposition, but it can also mean ' in place of.

Friedrich Nietzsche and, after him, Martin Heidegger, Michel Foucault and Gilles Deleuze also rejected the notion of " substance ", and in the same movement the concept of subject contained with the framework of Platonic idealism.

He also defines the term “ skepticism ” as he uses it and identifies two types of skeptic, the Apollonian, who is “ committed to clarity and rationality ” and the Dionysian, who is “ committed to passion and instinct .” William James, Bertrand Russell, and Friedrich Nietzsche exemplify the Apollonian skeptic, Carroll says, and Charles Sanders Peirce, Tertullian, Søren Kierkegaard, and Blaise Pascal are Dionysian skeptics.

The word also plays a prominent role in James Joyce's Ulysses, and is associated also with Nietzsche.

This is also the embodiment of their basic beliefs, as they see themselves as the race described as the " Übermensch " by philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche.

Musicians also cite writers such as William S. Burroughs, and philosophers such as Friedrich Nietzsche as influences.

He also wrote extensively on the philosophy of Schopenhauer and Nietzsche, as well on art, most notably his book Rembrandt: An Essay in the Philosophy of Art ( 1916 ).

* This tendency never accomplishes itself because it runs into a counter-tendency with which it forms a metastable equilibrium ( it must be pointed out how close this conception of the dynamic of individuation is to the Freudian theory of drives, but also to the thinking of Empedocles and of Nietzsche ).

Zeller was also, in Philosophie der Griechen, one of the first to use the term " übermensch ", later reified by Nietzsche, in adjectival form: "... so kann die Glückseligkeit, welche in ihr besteht, auch als eine übermenschliche, die Glückseligkeit der ethischen Tugend dagegen als das eigenthümlich menschliche Gut bezeichnet werden.

Rand also initially planned to introduce each chapter with a quote from philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, whose ideas had influenced her own intellectual development.

Thus Spoke Zarathustra: A Book for All and None () ( also translated as Thus Spake Zarathustra ) is a philosophical novel by German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, composed in four parts between 1883 and 1885.

Nietzsche also makes a point that the overman is not an end result for a person, but more the journey toward self-mastery.

Kaufmann's introduction to his own translation included a blistering critique of Common's version ; he notes that in one instance, Common has taken the German " most evil " and rendered it " baddest ", a particularly unfortunate error not merely for his having coined the term " baddest ", but also because Nietzsche dedicated a third of The Genealogy of Morals to the difference between " bad " and " evil ".

It was also used by Friedrich Nietzsche in On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense ( 1873 ):

For the figure of Vincent Berger Malraux has obviously drawn on his studies of T. E. Lawrence ( though Berger fights on the side of the Turks instead of against them ), and like both Lawrence and Malraux himself he is a fervent admirer of Nietzsche.

A professor at the University of Constantinople, where his first course of lectures was on Nietzsche and the `` philosophy of action '', Vincent Berger becomes head of the propaganda department of the German Embassy in Turkey.

In parallel with the revolutions against rising political absolutism based on established religion and the replacememt of faith by reasonable faith, new systems of metaphysics were promulgated in the lecture halls by charismatic professors, such as Immanuel Kant, Nietzsche and Hegel.

In the 19th century, Nietzsche began to write a series of attacks on the " unnatural " teachings of Christianity ( e. g. avoidance of temptations ), and continued anti-Christian attacks to the end of his life.

August Wilhelm's Vienna lectures on dramatic art and literature went through four editions between 1809 and 1846 and, in them, he opined that Euripides " not only destroyed the external order of tragedy but missed its entire meaning ," a view that came to influence Friedrich Nietzsche, who however seems not to have known the Euripidean plays at all well.

Friedrich Nietzsche considered that " A witticism is an epigram on the death of a feeling ," in Human, All Too Human.

The German title of the book by Friedrich Nietzsche Twilight of the Idols, written in 1888 and published in 1889, is Götzen-Dämmerung, a pun on the title of Wagner's opera.

Friedrich Nietzsche argued that Kant confuses tautology and petitio principii, and ridicules his pride in tackling " the most difficult thing that could ever be undertaken on behalf of metaphysics .".

Examples are found in his books on Nietzsche ( Vol 1, p. 194 ) and on Parmenides.

Friedrich Nietzsche stated that every higher form of civilization implied stricter controls on women ( Beyond Good and Evil, 7: 238 ).

In addition the philosopher Schopenhauer ( 1788 – 1860 ) ( The World as Will and Idea, 1819 ) called into question the previous optimism, and his ideas had an important influence on later thinkers, including Nietzsche.

Nietzsche distinguishes a morality that is strong or healthy, meaning that the person in question is aware that he constructs it himself, from weak morality, where the interpretation is projected on to something external.

It is only recently that Heidegger ’ s influence on nihilism research by Nietzsche has faded.

As early as the 1930s, Heidegger was giving lectures on Nietzsche ’ s thought.

Many references to Jünger can be found in Heidegger ’ s lectures on Nietzsche.

They began work on a new and complete edition of Nietzsche's collected works, making Nietzsche more accessible for scholarly research.

Like other contemporary French and Italian philosophers, Vattimo does not want, or only partially wants, to rely on Heidegger for understanding Nietzsche.

In Human, All Too Human, philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche argued that " Zeus did not want man to throw his life away, no matter how much the other evils might torment him, but rather to go on letting himself be tormented anew.

This article led to an invitation by the Count and Countess Brockdorff to speak to a gathering of Theosophists on the subject of Nietzsche.

Drawing on influences such as Humboldt or Friedrich Nietzsche some European thinkers developed similar ideas to those of Sapir and Whorf, generally working in isolation.

Nietzsche himself would meditate after the Commune on the " fight against culture ", taking as example the intentional burning of the Tuileries Palace on May 23, 1871.