For the figure of Vincent Berger Malraux has obviously drawn on his studies of T. E. Lawrence ( though Berger fights on the side of the Turks instead of against them ), and like both Lawrence and Malraux himself he is a fervent admirer of Nietzsche.

In parallel with the revolutions against rising political absolutism based on established religion and the replacememt of faith by reasonable faith, new systems of metaphysics were promulgated in the lecture halls by charismatic professors, such as Immanuel Kant, Nietzsche and Hegel.

Classicists such as Arthur Verrall and Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff reacted against the views of the Schlegels and Nietzsche, constructing arguments sympathetic to Euripides, which involved Wilamowitz in this restatement of Greek tragedy as a genre: " A tragedy does not have to end ' tragically ' or be ' tragic '.

For example, in a letter to the rector of Freiburg University of November 4, 1945, Heidegger, inspired by Jünger, tries to explain the notion of “ God is dead ” as the “ reality of the Will to Power .” Heidegger also praises Jünger for defending Nietzsche against a too biological or anthropological reading during the Third Reich.

Against the function of the unconscious in both Nietzsche and Spengler, Adorno argued that Freud's notion of the unconscious serves as a " sharp weapon ... against every attempt to create a metaphysics of the instincts and to deify full, organic nature.

Nietzsche himself would meditate after the Commune on the " fight against culture ", taking as example the intentional burning of the Tuileries Palace on May 23, 1871.

" The criminal fight against culture is only the reverse side of a criminal culture " wrote Klossowski after quoting Nietzsche.

After the burning of the Tuileries Palace on May 23, 1871, Philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche himself meditated about the " fight against culture ", wondering what could justify culture if it were to be destroyed in such a " senseless " manner ( the arguments are: culture is justified by works of art and scientific achievements ; exploitation is necessary to those achievements, leading to the creation of exploited people who then fight against culture.

In this adolescent period, Derrida found in the works of philosophers and writers such as Rousseau, Nietzsche, and Gide, an instrument of revolt against the family and society:

Though Nietzsche was critical of theories concerning what could not be observed, he believed that theories ought to be capable of being falsified: while arguing against what he held to be the negative influence of the Kantian noumenon in the philosophy and science of his day, Nietzsche roughly approximated the scientific philosopher Karl Popper's assertion that falsifiability was the basis of scientific knowledge:

Nietzsche credits Sallust in Twilight of the Idols for his epigrammatic style: " My sense of style, for the epigram as a style, was awakened almost instantly when I came into contact with Sallust " and praises him for being " compact, severe, with as much substance as possible, a cold sarcasm against ' beautiful words ' and ' beautiful sentiments '.

She read Friedrich Nietzsche and found in him the courage to keep upright against a periodically shifting and degrading life.

After an initial defence of the Enlightenment during his so-called ' middle period ' ( late-1870s to early 1880s ), Nietzsche turned vehemently against it and subscribed to the earlier view of conservative Counter-Revolutionaries like Burke and Maistre, who blamed the French Revolution ( which Nietzsche always hated ) on the Enlightenment.

It deeply influenced the aesthetics of Friedrich Nietzsche, although he ultimately rejected Schopenhauer's conception of Will as evil, whose famous opposition of the Apollonian and Dionysian is a translation of Schopenhauer's opposition of intellect against will in terms of Greek mythology.

Thinkers who have provided arguments against the existence of God include David Hume, Kant, Nietzsche and Bertrand Russell.

Here Nietzsche studies power in a state, and speaks strongly against war and nationalism.

Most notoriously, Human, All Too Human was used by archivist Max Oehler, a strong supporter of Hitler, as supposed evidence of Nietzsche ’ s support for nationalism and anti-Semitism, both of which he writes against.

Nietzsche would speak against anti-Semitism in other works including Thus Spoke Zarathustra and, most strongly, in The Antichrist: “ An anti-Semite is certainly not any more decent because he lies as a matter of principle.

In all religious history, Nietzsche believed, Buddhism was the only positivistic religion because it struggles against actual suffering, which is experienced as fact or illusion ( the concept of Maya ) in various traditions of Buddhism.

Nietzsche asserted that the Christian "... is a rebel in his lowest instincts against everything privileged — he always lives and struggles for ' equal rights ' ....

" Nietzsche believed that Christianity is a conspiracy "... against health, beauty, whatever has turned out well, courage, intellect, goodness of the soul, against life itself.

Further, there is no reason to be surprised when discussions such as those about the " death of God " – a concept drawn from Nietzsche – stir popular excitement as they did in the recent past, and could do so again today.

Drawing on influences such as Humboldt or Friedrich Nietzsche some European thinkers developed similar ideas to those of Sapir and Whorf, generally working in isolation.

The problem with morality, according to Nietzsche, is that those who were considered “ good ” were the powerful nobles who had more education, and considered themselves better than anyone below their rank.

The impact of these lifestyle choices upon his developing artistic style is open to conjecture, although these choices do seem to be more than simple teenage rebellion, or the cliched hedonism and bohemianism that was almost expected of artists of the time ; his pursuit of the seedier side of life appears to have roots in his appreciation of radical philosophies, including those of Nietzsche.

In arguing that the concept of the noumenon negatively influenced other ideas in specific ways, Nietzsche specifically characterized it in those ways.

Thus Spoke Zarathustra remained unpopular as a topic for scholars ( especially those in the Anglo-American analytic tradition ) until the second half of the twentieth century brought widespread interest in Nietzsche and his unconventional style that does not distinguish between philosophy and literature.

I believe that every age reaches moments of crisis like those described by Nietzsche in the second of the Untimely Considerations, on the harmfulness of the study of history ( Historiography ).

In Human, All Too Human, philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche suggested that those who refrain from lying may do so only because of the difficulty involved in maintaining the lie.

* Friedrich Nietzsche referred to those who followed his philosophy as " Hyperboreans " in The Antichrist ( translated by Anthony M.

Friedrich Nietzsche was critical of the book and stated that this was " one of those books that I cannot pick up without a physiological feeling of repulsion.

Erasmus, Paracelsus, Daniel Bernoulli, Jacob Burckhardt, Leonhard Euler, Friedrich Nietzsche, Eugen Huber, Carl Jung, Karl Barth, Hermann Peter, and Hans Urs von Balthasar are among those associated with the university.

Scheler argues that is not enough to just reject such traditions, as did Nietzsche with the Judeo-Christian religion by saing that " God is dead "; these traditions have impregnated all parts of our culture, and therefore still determine a great deal of the way of thinking even of those that don't believe in the Christian God.

Nietzsche begins with a chapter dedicated to " free spirits ," described as those who have unbound themselves from dogmatism and transcended the need for objective truth.

His aesthetic and political theories had some similarities to those of Friedrich Nietzsche and Oswald Spengler.

In the words of a modern biographer, " history placed him alongside Marquis de Sade, Nietzsche and Henry Miller, those classics who — in the process of being condemned and ostracized by the many could have been approached and appreciated by the few ".

It is not a single coherent theory, but rather refers to the combined works of any number of post-structuralists such as Michel Foucault, Gilles Deleuze, Jacques Lacan ; postmodern feminists such as Judith Butler ; and post-Marxists such as Ernesto Laclau, Chantal Mouffe, Jacques Rancière ; with those of the classical anarchists, with particular concentration on Emma Goldman, Max Stirner, and Friedrich Nietzsche.

Critchley is currently finishing a book on Hamlet with Jamieson Webster that will deal with the play in the light of various ' outsider ' interpretations, such as those of Carl Schmitt, Walter Benjamin, Friedrich Schelling, Hegel, Nietzsche, Freud, and Lacan.

It is Martin Heidegger, not Nietzsche, who elaborated a new interpretation of Aristotle, intended to warrant his deconstruction of scholastic and philosophical tradition.

" Nietzsche, who was heavily influenced by Schopenhauer, wrote: " Every concept originates through our equating what is unequal.

August Wilhelm's Vienna lectures on dramatic art and literature went through four editions between 1809 and 1846 and, in them, he opined that Euripides " not only destroyed the external order of tragedy but missed its entire meaning ," a view that came to influence Friedrich Nietzsche, who however seems not to have known the Euripidean plays at all well.

Philosophers who have criticized the concept of human rights include Jeremy Bentham, Edmund Burke, Friedrich Nietzsche and Karl Marx.

The Ego and Its Own by Max StirnerIn Russia, individualist anarchism inspired by Stirner combined with an appreciation for Friedrich Nietzsche attracted a small following of bohemian artists and intellectuals such as Lev Chernyi, as well as a few lone wolves who found self-expression in crime and violence.

Major influences were Friedrich Nietzsche, Oswald Spengler and, most importantly, Houston Stewart Chamberlain, the British-born German writer who was one of the founders of " scientific " anti-Semitism, and whose book The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century ( 1899 ) was one of the standard works of the extreme right in Germany.

Early German use of the term judenchristlich (" Jewish-Christian "), in a decidedly negative sense, can be found in the late writings of Friedrich Nietzsche, who emphasized what he saw as neglected aspects of continuity between the Jewish world view and that of Christianity.

Perhaps the most prominent figures in the history of philosophy who have rejected moral rationalism are David Hume and Friedrich Nietzsche.

Nihilism is often associated with the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, who provided a detailed diagnosis of nihilism as a widespread phenomenon of Western culture.

This wilful destruction of values and the overcoming of the condition of nihilism by the constructing of new meaning, this active nihilism, could be related to what Nietzsche elsewhere calls a ' free spirit ' or the Übermensch from Thus Spoke Zarathustra and the Antichrist, the model of the strong individual who posits his own values and lives his life as if it were his own work of art.

Many postmodern thinkers who investigated the problem of nihilism as put forward by Nietzsche, were influenced by Martin Heidegger ’ s interpretation of Nietzsche.

Habermas, Lyotard and Rorty are also philosophers who are influenced by Heidegger ’ s interpretation of Nietzsche.

* According to Nietzsche, in Greek " oi " was an expression of pain, and someone who was in pain or miserable was said to be " oizuros ".

" Yockey's philosophy, especially his vehement anti-Semitism, differs heavily from Spengler, however, who criticised anti-Semitism and racialism much in the same vein as his own influence Friedrich Nietzsche had ...

A virtual cult following developed among such German philosophers as Friedrich Schelling, Friedrich Schlegel and Friedrich Nietzsche, who claimed that, " Thucydides, the portrayer of man, that culture of the most impartial knowledge of the world finds its last glorious flower.

He also defines the term “ skepticism ” as he uses it and identifies two types of skeptic, the Apollonian, who is “ committed to clarity and rationality ” and the Dionysian, who is “ committed to passion and instinct .” William James, Bertrand Russell, and Friedrich Nietzsche exemplify the Apollonian skeptic, Carroll says, and Charles Sanders Peirce, Tertullian, Søren Kierkegaard, and Blaise Pascal are Dionysian skeptics.

Nietzsche points to the Assassins as anti-ascetic ' free spirits ' who no longer believe in metaphysical truth.

Importantly, Nietzsche attacks the false spirits who are the host of self-describing " unbelievers " of modern times who claim to reject religious deception as scholars and philosophers and yet retain the traditional refusal to question the value of truth.

In the early 1950s, Foucualt came under the influence of German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, who would remain a core influence on his work throughout his life.

In the tradition of Nietzsche and Georges Bataille, Foucault had embraced the artist who pushed the limits of rationality, and he wrote with great passion in defense of irrationalities that broke boundaries.

Inspired by the works of Friedrich Nietzsche, Goethe, Hermann Hesse, and Eduard Baltzer, Wandervogel attracted thousands of young Germans who rejected the rapid trend toward urbanization and yearned for the pagan, back-to-nature spiritual life of their ancestors.