Opioids have agonist actions on the intestinal opioid receptors, which when activated cause constipation.

** Opioids activate or block opioid receptors in the brain typically to reduce the effect of pain.

Opioids can fragment sleep and decrease REM and stage 2 sleep.

Opioids which have other neurotransmitter impacts such as tramadol, pethidine, & c. can also cause jerks, but unlike the above are not completely benign.

Opioids requiring Cytochrome P-450 activation ( e. g. codeine, dihydrocodeine ) should perhaps be used with an agent not chemically related to the SSRIs ; conversely, they may impact parts of the Liberation, Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism & Elimination profile for morphine, hydromorphone, oxymorphone & c the other way.

*** Opioids provide more potent pain control and the weaker members such as codeine may be available over the counter in combination with paracetamol ( co-codamol ).

Opioids such as fentanyl may be given to attenuate the responses to the intubation process ( accelerated heart rate and increased intracranial pressure ).

Opioids may mediate their pain in the same way as in vertebrates.

Opioids, while very effective analgesics, may have some unpleasant side-effects.

Opioids also may act on the gut indirectly through tonic gut spasms after inhibition of nitric oxide generation.

* Opioids ' classical use besides pain relief is as an anti-diarrhoeal drug.

Opioids are efficacious analgesics in chronic malignant pain and modestly effective in nonmalignant pain management.

Opioids work in the modulation of pleasure or pain relief by either blocking neurotransmitter release or by hyperpolarizing neurons by opening up a potassium channel which effectively temporarily blocks the neuron.

Opioids were used to treat major depression until the late 1950s.

** Phenylpiperidine derivative Opioids: Meperidine / Pethidine, Tramadol, Methadone, Fentanyl, Dextropropoxyphene, Propoxyphene.

" Opioids: Past, Present and Future.

Opioids include heroin ( diacetylmorphine, not used in medicine in most countries ), oxycodone, hydromorphone, hydrocodone ( Vicodin ), fentanyl, pethidine, tramadol and others.

Opioids such as morphine and heroin do not cause pupil dilation.

# Opioids, particularly methadone, are particularly effective treatments for the symptoms of severe RLS and do not have the negative side-effects ( augmentation and rebounding ) of dopamine agonists.

Opioids inhibit GABA release ; this decreases the amount of inhibition and allows them to fire spontaneously.

Opioids and anaesthetic drugs tend to depress ventilation, especially with regards to carbon dioxide response.

Opioids such as morphine are not used as the primary medicine since they are not effective sedative medications compared to benzodiazepines.

For more information on the palliative care use of sedatives and the safe use of opioids see Opioids.

Opioids are known to have strong antidepressive, anxiolytic and antipsychotic effects and thus opioid dependence often develops as a result of self medication.

Opioids inhibit the firing of neurons in the locus coeruleus.

The first step of determining that morphine may affect the immune system was to establish that the opiate receptors known to be expressed on cells of the central nervous system are also expressed on cells of the immune system.

One study successfully showed that dendritic cells, part of the innate immune system, display opiate receptors.

In vertebrates, endogenous opioids are neurochemicals that moderate pain by interacting with opiate receptors.

These results further suggested that multiple opiate receptors ( mu and kappa ) interact to modulate itching behavior to chloroquine.

A study has shown that extracts of the fruit of VAC can bind to opiate receptors ; this could explain why intake of VAC reduces PMS discomforts.

In vitro studies revealed venlafaxine has virtually no affinity for opiate, benzodiazepine, or N-methyl-D-aspartic acid ( NMDA ) receptors.

Some evidence indicates it has a genetic basis and is related to chloroquine action with opiate receptors centrally or peripherally.

Apnea can be voluntarily achieved ( for example, by " holding one's breath "), drug-induced ( such as opiate toxicity ), mechanically induced ( for example, by strangulation or choking ), or it can occur as a consequence of neurological disease or trauma.

** Morphine and codeine, the two naturally occurring opiate analgesics

For instance, although trafficking has increased since 2001, the number of opiate seizures in Uzbekistan fell from 3, 617 kg in 2001 to 1, 298 kg in 2008, while heroin confiscations remain constant.

The opiate drugs belong to the class of narcotic analgesics, which reduce pain without producing unconsciousness, but do produce a sense of relaxation and sleep, and at high doses, may result in coma and death.

Even those with opiate tolerances are at high risk for overdoses.

# Morphine, the principal and most widely known and widely produced opiate of the day — at the time called morphium -- has at its etymology " dream-inducer ".

By the mid-1960s, it had become apparent from pharmacologic studies that opiate drugs were likely to exert their actions at specific receptor sites, and that there were likely to be multiple such sites.

The adoption of the Rockefeller drug laws gave New York State the distinction of having the toughest laws of its kind in the entire United States — an approach soon imitated by the state of Michigan, which, in 1978, enacted a " 650-Lifer Law ," which called for life imprisonment, without the possibility of parole for the sale, manufacture, or possession of at least 650 grams ( approximately 1. 45 pounds ) of cocaine or any Schedule I or Schedule II opiate.

It is also used to discourage abuse in certain opiate analgesics due its unpleasant side effects at high doses.

The term dates at least to the 1970s, where it is used in reference to opiate use.

The group took a hiatus at the end of 2010 due to Marshall Goppert ( aka Nero Bellum )' s opiate addiction.