Opioids and opiate receptors occur naturally in crustaceans and, although at present no certain conclusion can be drawn, their presence indicates that lobsters may be able to experience pain.

Opioids which have other neurotransmitter impacts such as tramadol, pethidine, & c. can also cause jerks, but unlike the above are not completely benign.

Opioids, while very effective analgesics, may have some unpleasant side-effects.

Opioids were used to treat major depression until the late 1950s.

* Opioids ' classical use besides pain relief is as an anti-diarrhoeal drug.

Opioids have agonist actions on the intestinal opioid receptors, which when activated cause constipation.

Opioids also may act on the gut indirectly through tonic gut spasms after inhibition of nitric oxide generation.

** Phenylpiperidine derivative Opioids: Meperidine / Pethidine, Tramadol, Methadone, Fentanyl, Dextropropoxyphene, Propoxyphene.

" Opioids: Past, Present and Future.

Opioids may mediate their pain in the same way as in vertebrates.

Opioids include heroin ( diacetylmorphine, not used in medicine in most countries ), oxycodone, hydromorphone, hydrocodone ( Vicodin ), fentanyl, pethidine, tramadol and others.

Opioids such as morphine and heroin do not cause pupil dilation.

# Opioids, particularly methadone, are particularly effective treatments for the symptoms of severe RLS and do not have the negative side-effects ( augmentation and rebounding ) of dopamine agonists.

Opioids are efficacious analgesics in chronic malignant pain and modestly effective in nonmalignant pain management.

Opioids inhibit GABA release ; this decreases the amount of inhibition and allows them to fire spontaneously.

Opioids requiring Cytochrome P-450 activation ( e. g. codeine, dihydrocodeine ) should perhaps be used with an agent not chemically related to the SSRIs ; conversely, they may impact parts of the Liberation, Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism & Elimination profile for morphine, hydromorphone, oxymorphone & c the other way.

Opioids and anaesthetic drugs tend to depress ventilation, especially with regards to carbon dioxide response.

Opioids such as morphine are not used as the primary medicine since they are not effective sedative medications compared to benzodiazepines.

For more information on the palliative care use of sedatives and the safe use of opioids see Opioids.

Opioids are known to have strong antidepressive, anxiolytic and antipsychotic effects and thus opioid dependence often develops as a result of self medication.

Opioids inhibit the firing of neurons in the locus coeruleus.

The term originally came from antibody generator and was a molecule that binds specifically to an antibody, but the term now also refers to any molecule or molecular fragment that can be bound by a major histocompatibility complex ( MHC ) and presented to a T-cell receptor.

However, they require compromises in borderline cases ; for example, nicotine contains a pyridine fragment from nicotinamide and pyrrolidine part from ornithine and therefore can be assigned to both classes.

Christianity spread throughout Egypt within half a century of Saint Mark's arrival in Alexandria, as is clear from the New Testament writings found in Bahnasa, in Middle Egypt, which date around the year AD 200, and a fragment of the Gospel of John, written in Coptic, which was found in Upper Egypt and can be dated to the first half of the 2nd century.

If the chemistry is right, the organism ( or fragment of organism ) can act as a nucleus for the precipitation of minerals such as siderite, resulting in a nodule forming around it.

DNA fragment analysis can also be used to determine such disease causing genetics aberrations as microsatellite instability ( MSI ), trisomy or aneuploidy, and loss of heterozygosity ( LOH ).

While Babylonian number theory — or what survives of Babylonian mathematics that can be called thus — consists of this single, striking fragment, Babylonian algebra ( in the secondary-school sense of " algebra ") was exceptionally well developed.

Few Roman remains are visible today ; a fragment of the old city wall can be seen near the casino and the foundations of the amphitheatre are traced in the paving of the present-day Rembrandtstraat.

Prepared antibodies can recognize the resulting fragment, called a neoepitope, as a way to diagnose osteoporosis.

Tandem mass spectrometry, on the other hand, can get sequence information from individual peptides by isolating them, colliding them with a non-reactive gas, and then cataloguing the fragment ions produced.

Each fragment length is considered an allele, and can be used in genetic analysis.

There are two common mechanisms by which the size of a particular restriction fragment can vary.

< div > The full length of the hieroglyphic text and the total size of the original stele, of which the Rosetta Stone is a fragment, can be estimated based on comparable stelae that have survived, including other copies of the same order.

URLs of SVG images can specify geometrical transforms in the fragment section.

Not every surviving fragment can be assigned to a book ( Frr.

A variation of NN algorithm, called Nearest Fragment ( NF ) operator, which connects a group ( fragment ) of nearest unvisited cities, can find shorter route with successive iterations.

Each fragment endpoint can be connected to 2k − 2 other possibilities: of 2k total fragment endpoints available, the two endpoints of the fragment under consideration are disallowed.

A fragment of the DeCSS code, which can be used by a computer to circumvent a DVD's copy protection.

The successive shock wave pressure pulses result in direct shearing forces, as well as cavitation bubbles surrounding the stone, which fragment the stones into smaller pieces that then can easily pass through the ureters or the cystic duct.

The fragment can then be used to construct the non-Hamiltonian Tutte graph, by putting

The " compulsory " edges of the fragments, that must be part of any Hamiltonian path through the fragment, are connected at the central vertex ; because any cycle can use only two of these three edges, there can be no Hamiltonian cycle.

An improperly fitted filter, or a bullet or shell fragment that punctures the filter, can damage the engine.