Optical observations detected around 15 H II regions situated mainly along the spiral arms.

Optical observations have found a satellite of this asteroid.

Optical observations have also determined that Elektra's shape is quite irregular, as well as giving indications of albedo differences of 5-15 % on its surface.

Optical tracking with the BC-4, PC-1000, MOTS, or Baker Nunn cameras consisted of photographic observations of a satellite, or flashing light on the satellite, against a background of stars.

The Infrared Optical Telescope Array ( IOTA ) began with an agreement in 1988 among five Institutions, the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Harvard University, the University of Massachusetts Amherst, the University of Wyoming, and MIT / Lincoln Laboratory, to build a two-telescope stellar interferometer for the purpose of making fundamental astrophysical observations, and also as a prototype instrument on which we could perfect techniques which could later lead to the development of a larger, more powerful array.

In 1985 he performed the first Aperture Masking Interferometry observations, and then led the construction and operation of the Cambridge Optical Aperture Synthesis Telescope, and helped develop the lucky imaging method.

The companies concerned were Pathé, Edison, Biograph, Vitagraph, Lubin, Selig, Essanay, Kalem, and the Kleine Optical Company, a major importer of European films.

Optical cards were produced by Landis + Gyr and Sodeco from Switzerland and were popular early phonecards in many countries with first optical phonecards successfully introduced in 1977 in Belgium.

In the early 1990s, a firm that designed and built refracting telescopes was named in his honor, Fraunhofer Systems Company, since the telescopes were based on his design but now the company is part of Burbank Optical Company.

Optical sound was introduced for 9. 5 mm in 1938, but efforts to produce a library of sound films were interrupted by the War.

In 2011, light echoes from the 19th century Great Eruption of η Carinae were detected using the U. S. National Optical Astronomy Observatory's Blanco 4-meter telescope at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory.

Optical microscopes are the oldest design of microscope and were possibly designed in their present compound form in the 17th century.

Optical electrophysiological techniques were created by scientists and engineers to overcome one of the main limitations of classical techniques.

Fellows of the British Optical Association were entitled to use the affix FBOA.

Optical libraries, such as the Hewlett Packard 40XT, were created to automate loading and storing of the disks.

; SPICAM: Main objectives of the Multichannel Optical Spectrometer were to find the vertical profiles of ozone, water vapor, carbon monoxide, aerosols, and temperature, in the middle and lower atmosphere, diagnostic of the ionosphere, global distribution of water vapor, and building of the density model of the atmosphere.

Optical instruments were supplied by Giuseppe Campani.

Optical laboratory technicians were designated as 42E upon graduation of the 21 week optical training course.

Secondary payloads were Space Station Heat Pipe Advanced Radiator Element II ( SHARE II ); Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultra-Violet ( SSBUV ) instrument ; Tank Pressure Control Equipment ( TPCE ) and Optical Communications Through Windows ( OCTW ).

Secondary payloads were: Ascent Particle Monitor ( APM ); Middeck 0-Gravity Dynamics Experiment ( MODE ); Shuttle Activation Monitor ( SAM ); Cosmic Ray Effects and Activation Monitor ( CREAM ); Physiological and Anatomical Rodent Experiment ( PARE ); Protein Crystal Growth II-2 ( PCG II-2 ); Investigations into Polymer Membrane Processing ( IPMP ); and the Air Force Maui Optical Site ( AMOS ) experiment.

Middeck experiments were: Israeli Space Agency Investigation About Hornets ( ISAIAH ), Solid Surface Combustion Experiment ( SSCE ), Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment ( SAREX II ), Air Force Maui Optical Site ( AMOS ), and Ultraviolet Plume Imager ( UVPI ).

The name " Pentax " was originally a registered trademark of the East German VEB Zeiss Ikon ( from " Pentaprism " and " Contax ") but, as all Germans patents were annulled with the country's defeat, the name " Pentax " was taken by the Asahi Optical in 1957.

Optical telescopes were growing ever larger, and employing adaptive optics to partly negate atmospheric blurring.

At that time the company operated 461 stores under three brands ( OPSM, Laubman & Pank, Budget Eyewear ) in Australia, 35 stores in New Zealand ( where they were market leader ), 75 stores in Hong Kong and 12 in Singapore ( under the Optical Shop brand ), and 12 in Malaysia.

Most of the capital costs of the observatory were provided by the University of Wisconsin – Madison, Indiana University, and Yale University, while the National Optical Astronomy Observatory provides most of the operating services.

Optical fiber, however, made such systems obsolete before many were built.

Optical elements and instruments of precision produced by John Brashear were purchased for their quality by almost every important observatory in the world.

PGNCS, and specifically its computer, were also the command center for all system inputs from the LM, including the Kollsman Instrument built Alignment Optical Telescope, the radar system, the manual Translation and Rotation device inputs by the astronauts as well as other inputs from the LM systems.

Optical effects were used to make the planes look as if they were entering the set.

A ground-based experiment to calibrate electro-optical sensors at Air Force Maui Optical Site ( AMOS ) in Hawaii was also conducted during the mission.

Other " payloads of opportunity " experiments conducted included: Commercial Protein Crystal Growth ( CPCG ), Ultraviolet Plume Imager ( UVPI ) and the Air Force Maui Optical Station ( AMOS ) investigation.

Optical gain measurements conducted in these materials also show values comparable to single crystal, supporting the contention that these materials could be suitable substitutes to single crystals in solid-state laser applications.

* Optical aberration, an imperfection in image formation by an optical system

This phenomenon, known as gravity darkening or the von Zeipel effect, was confirmed for Altair by measurements made by the Navy Prototype Optical Interferometer in 2001, and analyzed by Ohishi et al.

This includes the Optical Microscope, Transmission Electron Microscope, Scanning Electron Microscope, Fluorescence Microscope, and by Confocal Microscopy.

Optical technology, such as the telescope, sextant and other devices that use telescopes, allowed for accurate surveying of land and the ability of mapmakers and navigators to find their latitude by measuring angles to the North Star at night or the sun at noon.

* Masters of Deception: Escher, Dali & the Artists of Optical Illusion 2004 by Al Seckel.

Optical keyboard technology was introduced in 1962 by Harley E. Kelchner for use in a typewriter machine with the purpose of reducing the noise generating by actuating the typewriter keys.

The observatory is administered by the National Optical Astronomy Observatory ( NOAO ).

** Self-focusing, an effect due to the Optical Kerr effect ( and possibly higher order nonlinearities ) caused by the spatial variation in the intensity creating a spatial variation in the refractive index

** Self-phase modulation ( SPM ), an effect due to the Optical Kerr effect ( and possibly higher order nonlinearities ) caused by the temporal variation in the intensity creating a temporal variation in the refractive index

Optical theory progressed in the mid-17th century with treatises written by philosopher René Descartes, which explained a variety of optical phenomena including reflection and refraction by assuming that light was emitted by objects which produced it.

* Optical lattices ( qubit implemented by internal states of neutral atoms trapped in an optical lattice )

* A step by step tutorial on Optical Rotation

*" Microscope Objectives: Numerical Aperture and Resolution " by Mortimer Abramowitz and Michael W. Davidson, Molecular Expressions: Optical Microscopy Primer ( website ), Florida State University, April 22, 2004.

Optical transparency of the narrow sealing ring pressured by glass joint ( right ).

This image merges data acquired by Swift's Ultraviolet / Optical Telescope ( blue and green ) and X-Ray Telescope ( red ).

* Optical Camouflage by the Tachi Lab in Japan

* Long-distance Atmospheric Optical Communications, by Chris Long and Mike Groth ( VK7MJ )

* Optical illusions and visual phenomena by Michael Bach

; Optical tablets: Optical tablets operate by a very small digital camera in the stylus, and then doing pattern matching on the image of the paper.