Orbitals are given names in the form:

Orbitals of multi-electron atoms are qualitatively similar to those of hydrogen, and in the simplest models, they are taken to have the same form.

Orbitals with the same value of n and also the same value of l are even more closely related, and are said to comprise a " subshell ".

Their intelligence is measured against that of an average biological member of the Culture ; a so-called " 1. 0 value " drone would be considered the mental equal of a biological citizen, whereas lesser drones such as the menial service units of Orbitals are merely proto-sentient ( capable of limited reaction to unprogrammed events, but possessing no consciousness, and thus not considered citizens ; these take care of much of the menial work in the Culture ).

Many different civilizations are known to use Orbitals sized according to the preferences of the builders ; the Culture's Orbitals are approximately ten million kilometres in circumference, which, together with their rotational speed, creates gravity and day-night cycles to normal Culture standard.

Orbitals are regarded as highly matter-efficient, providing vastly more usable living space for their constituent mass than primitive arrangements like planets.

Orbitals spin to mimic the effects of gravity and are sized so that the rate of rotation necessary to produce a comfortable gravity level is approximately equal to one day.

They are similar to the Orbitals in Iain M Banks ' Culture novels, and author Larry Niven's Ringworld concept.

Orbitals are a model representation of the behaviour of electrons within molecules.

They are mainly used as high-speed shuttles between Culture Systems Vehicles ( when it is inconvenient for the larger ships to decelerate ), as movers of raw materials for building Orbitals or other space habitats, and for providing other Culture ships with a ' boost ' to aid in rapid deceleration or acceleration.

Orbitals are peaceful people who follow CEGA's lead for protection.

Responsibility for day-to-day administration of one of the Culture's Orbitals and the management of its complex systems mainly rests with a Mind, which is situated in a structure in space at the centre of the Orbital, known as the Hub.

PLATO ( Package for Linear-combination of ATomic Orbitals ) is a suite of programs for electronic structure calculations originally designed and written by Andrew Horsfield and Steven Kenny, but now with contributions from others.

This was further developed by Iain M. Banks in his Culture series, which features about 1 / 100th ringworld – size megastructures called Orbitals that orbit a star rather than encircling it entirely.

Other science fiction authors have devised their own variants of Niven's Ringworld, notably Iain M. Banks ' Culture Orbitals, best described as miniature Ringworlds, and the ring-shaped Halo structure of the video game Halo.

Given its dimensions ( 10, 000 kilometers in diameter ) it is more like Banks ' Culture Orbitals ( though much smaller ) than Niven's behemoth.

Banks has described Orbitals as looking like " a god's bracelet " hanging in outer space.

Weighting of the of resonance structures in terms of their contribution to the overall structure can be calculated in multiple ways, using " Ab initio " methods derived from Valence Bond theory, or else from the Natural Bond Orbitals ( NBO ) approaches of Weinhold NBO5, or finally from empirical calculations based on the Hückel method.

He is revered among the Orbitals ' inhabitants in an almost god-like way, and is extremely apathetic towards whom he calls the " gravity-slaves " of Earth.

Children select the area they want to customize by clicking the arrows on the outer ring-you can choose from Sky, Ground, Mountains, and Orbitals ( satellites and moons ) for the four planetary Zones.

An apron is usually held in place by two ribbon-like strips of cloth that are tied at the back.

Unfortunately the ribbon-like shape interferes with computer cooling by disrupting airflow within the case and also makes the cables awkward to handle, especially when there are a lot of them ; round cables have almost entirely replaced ribbon cables for external connections and are increasingly being used internally as well.

In fact, most living lampriforms are actually ribbon-like and not very similar to the disc-shaped opahs in habitus.

D. lissa is very elongated ( up to 15 cm ), almost ribbon-like in shape, with the numerous thin isomers, the head and adjoining to it isomers are short.

The leaves of all the Tilia species are heart-shaped and most are asymmetrical, and the tiny fruit, looking like peas, always hang attached to a ribbon-like, greenish-yellow bract, whose use seems to be to launch the ripened seed-clusters just a little beyond the parent tree.

The most familiar liverworts consist of a prostrate, flattened, ribbon-like or branching structure called a thallus ( plant body ); these liverworts are termed thallose liverworts.

The petals of the Hamamelidaceae are generally narrow and ribbon-like.

All the larger forms are flat with ribbon-like or leaf-like shapes, since their lack of respiratory and circulatory systems means that they have to rely on diffusion for internal transport of metabolites.

Hence many are microscopic and the large species have flat ribbon-like or leaf-like shapes.

They are morphologically characterized by a ribbon-like body composed of a series of segments called proglottids ; hence the name Taenia ( Greek tainia meaning ribbon, bandage or stripe ).

These pelagic fish are named for their slim, ribbon-like appearance.

Like those of eels, the larvae are leptocephalic-being highly compressed, ribbon-like and transparent.

The six hoops are arranged three at each end of the court, with a centre peg.

The club's traditional guernsey colours are white guernseys with navy blue hoops, white shorts and navy and white hooped socks and the team song is " We Are Geelong ".

Xylem tracheids are pointed, elongated xylem cells, the simplest of which have continuous primary cell walls and lignified secondary wall thickenings in the form of rings, hoops, or reticulate networks.

They are attached to spars and rigging in various ways, such as metal clips, rope hoops, or in a luff-groove.

* Chime, the rim of a barrel, one at each end ; Chime hoops, the iron hoops nearest to the ends of a wooden barrel ( Bilge hoops are the hoops nearest to the bulge, or centre )

The Shells are a ply combination of VLT Maple and Mahogany with no reinforcement hoops.

The kick drum hoops are Solid Black Lacquer.

* Tunnel tents are a common form of airbeam supported tents because their size can be easily modified by adding additional hoops.

In these constructions, hoops are generally identical in size.

Baator's portals are huge hoops of reddish light guarded by abishai and amnizu.

Hula Hoops are golden-brown hoops with the main ingredients being potato, sunflower oil, rice flour, and salt.

* Spring hoop earrings – Spring hoops are almost indistinguishable from standard hoop earrings and stay in place by means of spring force.

Although the exact origins of hula hoops are unknown, children and adults around the world have played with hoops, twirling, rolling and throwing them throughout history.

Plastic hula hoops are often filled with rocks or materials which serve as weights to carry the hoop around the body.

The polyethylene hoops, and especially the polyvinyl chloride hoops, are much larger and heavier than hoops of the 1950s.

Heavier, larger hoops are more often used for slow hooping and body tricks while lighter, thinner tubing is used for quick hand tricks.

Other collapsible hoops are simply twisted down, and folded in half for easy

* Hula hoops are referred to in the 1958 Alvin and the Chipmunks song, " Christmas Don't Be Late ".