Orbitals are given names in the form:

Orbitals of multi-electron atoms are qualitatively similar to those of hydrogen, and in the simplest models, they are taken to have the same form.

Orbitals with the same value of n and also the same value of l are even more closely related, and are said to comprise a " subshell ".

Their intelligence is measured against that of an average biological member of the Culture ; a so-called " 1. 0 value " drone would be considered the mental equal of a biological citizen, whereas lesser drones such as the menial service units of Orbitals are merely proto-sentient ( capable of limited reaction to unprogrammed events, but possessing no consciousness, and thus not considered citizens ; these take care of much of the menial work in the Culture ).

Orbitals are ribbon-like hoops of a super-strong material ( see also unobtainium ) reinforced and joined with force fields.

Many different civilizations are known to use Orbitals sized according to the preferences of the builders ; the Culture's Orbitals are approximately ten million kilometres in circumference, which, together with their rotational speed, creates gravity and day-night cycles to normal Culture standard.

Orbitals spin to mimic the effects of gravity and are sized so that the rate of rotation necessary to produce a comfortable gravity level is approximately equal to one day.

They are similar to the Orbitals in Iain M Banks ' Culture novels, and author Larry Niven's Ringworld concept.

Orbitals are a model representation of the behaviour of electrons within molecules.

They are mainly used as high-speed shuttles between Culture Systems Vehicles ( when it is inconvenient for the larger ships to decelerate ), as movers of raw materials for building Orbitals or other space habitats, and for providing other Culture ships with a ' boost ' to aid in rapid deceleration or acceleration.

Orbitals are peaceful people who follow CEGA's lead for protection.

Given its dimensions ( 10, 000 kilometers in diameter ) it is more like Banks ' Culture Orbitals ( though much smaller ) than Niven's behemoth.

Banks has described Orbitals as looking like " a god's bracelet " hanging in outer space.

Responsibility for day-to-day administration of one of the Culture's Orbitals and the management of its complex systems mainly rests with a Mind, which is situated in a structure in space at the centre of the Orbital, known as the Hub.

Though there need be no directly visible indication for the transition from one plate to another, on some Orbitals the border between neighboring plates is marked by an artificially high string of mountains known as a ' bulkhead range '.

* 1929 Paper introduces the Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals approximation for molecular orbitals

PLATO ( Package for Linear-combination of ATomic Orbitals ) is a suite of programs for electronic structure calculations originally designed and written by Andrew Horsfield and Steven Kenny, but now with contributions from others.

Children select the area they want to customize by clicking the arrows on the outer ring-you can choose from Sky, Ground, Mountains, and Orbitals ( satellites and moons ) for the four planetary Zones.

* PLATO ( Package for Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals ), a computational chemistry software package

Other science fiction authors have devised their own variants of Niven's Ringworld, notably Iain M. Banks ' Culture Orbitals, best described as miniature Ringworlds, and the ring-shaped Halo structure of the video game Halo.

Weighting of the of resonance structures in terms of their contribution to the overall structure can be calculated in multiple ways, using " Ab initio " methods derived from Valence Bond theory, or else from the Natural Bond Orbitals ( NBO ) approaches of Weinhold NBO5, or finally from empirical calculations based on the Hückel method.

This was further developed by Iain M. Banks in his Culture series, which features about 1 / 100th ringworld – size megastructures called Orbitals that orbit a star rather than encircling it entirely.

He is revered among the Orbitals ' inhabitants in an almost god-like way, and is extremely apathetic towards whom he calls the " gravity-slaves " of Earth.

In many societies, what we regard as corruption, favoritism, and personal influence are so accepted as consistent with the mores of officialdom and so integral a part of routine administrative practice that any attempt to force their elimination will be regarded by the local leadership as not only unwarranted but unfriendly.

While it is easy enough to ridicule Hawkins' pronouncement in Pleas Of The Crown from a metaphysical point of view, the concept of the `` oneness '' of a married couple may reflect an abiding belief that the communion between husband and wife is such that their actions are not always to be regarded by the criminal law as if there were no marriage.

Local jobs can be seen and counted, while opportunities elsewhere are regarded as more hypothetical.

there are beauties from the Balkan states who are similarly endowed, and -- back in the blessed United States -- they were regarded simply as pretty women.

For example, amateur athletes in sports such as basketball, baseball or football are regarded as having a lower level of ability than professional athletes.

Examples among the Egyptian monks of this submission to the commands of the superiors, exalted into a virtue by those who regarded the entire crushing of the individual will as a goal, are detailed by Cassian and others, e. g. a monk watering a dry stick, day after day, for months, or endeavoring to remove a huge rock immensely exceeding his powers.

Among these are treatises such as the Shikand-gumanic Vichar by Mardan-Farrux Ohrmazddadan, selections of Denkard, Wizidagīhā-ī Zātspram (" Selections of Zātspram ") as well as older passages of the book Avesta, the Gathas which are attributed to Zarathustra himself and regarded as his " direct teachings ".

However, normally, acronyms are regarded as a subgroup of abbreviations ( e. g. by the Council of Science Editors ).

His results have never been reproduced, and are generally regarded either as meaningless or considered to have had little if any scientific merit.

Francois Boucher was the 18th century painter and engraver whose works are regarded as the perfect expression of French taste in the Rococo period.

" Arianism " is also often used to refer to other nontrinitarian theological systems of the 4th century, which regarded Jesus Christ — the Son of God, the Logos — as either a created being ( as in Arianism proper and Anomoeanism ), or as neither uncreated nor created in the sense other beings are created ( as in Semi-Arianism ).

This usage has been regarded as Eurocentric by some, and the alternative terms Lesser Antarctica and Greater Antarctica ( respectively ) are sometimes preferred.

Of particular interest and national importance are the Neolithic flint mines at Arnhofen, where, around 7, 000 years ago, Stone Age people made flint, which was fashioned into drills, blades and arrowheads, and was regarded as the steel of the Stone Age.

Amide are usually regarded as derivatives of carboxylic acids in which the hydroxyl group has been replaced by an amine or ammonia.

Akkad is sometimes regarded as the first empire in history, though there are earlier Sumerian claimants.

Although few details of his life are known, he is regarded as one of the leading scientists in classical antiquity.

These dilemmas are often regarded as conflicts between his view on international relations and his other loyalties.

This region is regarded as perhaps the one most influenced by native Indians, and its foods are closely linked to the Andean-Incan tradition.

They constitute what is generally regarded as one of the greatest of Beethoven's piano pieces and as the greatest set of variations of their time, and are generally known simply as the Diabelli Variations, Op.

His poems were highly regarded in his day, but are now mostly forgotten.

The discovery and elucidation of aberration is now regarded as a classic case of the application of scientific method, in which observations are made to test a theory, but unexpected results are sometimes obtained that in turn lead to new discoveries.

Reason makes equal claim to each proof, since they are both correct, so the question of the limits of time must be regarded as meaningless.