Orbitals are given names in the form:

Orbitals of multi-electron atoms are qualitatively similar to those of hydrogen, and in the simplest models, they are taken to have the same form.

Orbitals with the same value of n and also the same value of l are even more closely related, and are said to comprise a " subshell ".

Their intelligence is measured against that of an average biological member of the Culture ; a so-called " 1. 0 value " drone would be considered the mental equal of a biological citizen, whereas lesser drones such as the menial service units of Orbitals are merely proto-sentient ( capable of limited reaction to unprogrammed events, but possessing no consciousness, and thus not considered citizens ; these take care of much of the menial work in the Culture ).

Orbitals are ribbon-like hoops of a super-strong material ( see also unobtainium ) reinforced and joined with force fields.

Many different civilizations are known to use Orbitals sized according to the preferences of the builders ; the Culture's Orbitals are approximately ten million kilometres in circumference, which, together with their rotational speed, creates gravity and day-night cycles to normal Culture standard.

Orbitals are regarded as highly matter-efficient, providing vastly more usable living space for their constituent mass than primitive arrangements like planets.

Orbitals spin to mimic the effects of gravity and are sized so that the rate of rotation necessary to produce a comfortable gravity level is approximately equal to one day.

They are similar to the Orbitals in Iain M Banks ' Culture novels, and author Larry Niven's Ringworld concept.

They are mainly used as high-speed shuttles between Culture Systems Vehicles ( when it is inconvenient for the larger ships to decelerate ), as movers of raw materials for building Orbitals or other space habitats, and for providing other Culture ships with a ' boost ' to aid in rapid deceleration or acceleration.

Orbitals are peaceful people who follow CEGA's lead for protection.

This was further developed by Iain M. Banks in his Culture series, which features about 1 / 100th ringworld – size megastructures called Orbitals that orbit a star rather than encircling it entirely.

Other science fiction authors have devised their own variants of Niven's Ringworld, notably Iain M. Banks ' Culture Orbitals, best described as miniature Ringworlds, and the ring-shaped Halo structure of the video game Halo.

Given its dimensions ( 10, 000 kilometers in diameter ) it is more like Banks ' Culture Orbitals ( though much smaller ) than Niven's behemoth.

Banks has described Orbitals as looking like " a god's bracelet " hanging in outer space.

Responsibility for day-to-day administration of one of the Culture's Orbitals and the management of its complex systems mainly rests with a Mind, which is situated in a structure in space at the centre of the Orbital, known as the Hub.

Weighting of the of resonance structures in terms of their contribution to the overall structure can be calculated in multiple ways, using " Ab initio " methods derived from Valence Bond theory, or else from the Natural Bond Orbitals ( NBO ) approaches of Weinhold NBO5, or finally from empirical calculations based on the Hückel method.

He is revered among the Orbitals ' inhabitants in an almost god-like way, and is extremely apathetic towards whom he calls the " gravity-slaves " of Earth.

PLATO ( Package for Linear-combination of ATomic Orbitals ) is a suite of programs for electronic structure calculations originally designed and written by Andrew Horsfield and Steven Kenny, but now with contributions from others.

Children select the area they want to customize by clicking the arrows on the outer ring-you can choose from Sky, Ground, Mountains, and Orbitals ( satellites and moons ) for the four planetary Zones.

The District Courts, in the framing of equitable decrees, are clothed ' with large discretion to model their judgements to fit the exigencies of the particular case.

All model cars are not available in all countries.

The model of this paper considers an industry which is not characterized by vigorous price competition, but which is so basic that its wage-price policies are held in check by continuous critical public scrutiny.

The industry of this model is so important that its wage and price policies are affected with a public interest.

Because the levels themselves are random variables, some assumptions and the method of contrasting the treatments ( a multi-variable generalization of simple differences ) differ from the fixed-effects model.

The separate assumptions of the textbook model imply that the errors are independently, identically, and normally distributed for fixed effects models, that is, that the errors (' s ) are independent and

The test statistics of this derived linear model are closely approximated by the test statistics of an appropriate normal linear model, according to approximation theorems and simulation studies.

Also, a statistician may specify that logarithmic transforms be applied to the responses, which are believed to follow a multiplicative model.

Atomic orbitals are the basic building blocks of the atomic orbital model ( alternatively known as the electron cloud or wave mechanics model ), a modern framework for visualizing the microscopic behavior of electrons in matter.

Using the Debye model, the specific heat and entropy of a pure crystal are proportional to T < sup > 3 </ sup >, while the enthalpy and chemical potential are proportional to T < sup > 4 </ sup >.

The other five types of aphasia in the localizationist model are:

On a more abstract level, model theoretic arguments hold that a given set of symbols in a theory can be mapped onto any number of sets of real-world objects — each set being a " model " of the theory — providing the interrelationships between the objects are the same.

When 301 of the most advanced model, the " Launch Arco ," are built, an " exodus sequence " starts in which all Launch Arcos blast into space.

A model of computation may be defined in terms of an abstract computer, e. g., Turing machine, and / or by postulating that certain operations are executed in unit time.

A key point which is often overlooked is that published lower bounds for problems are often given for a model of computation that is more restricted than the set of operations that you could use in practice and therefore there are algorithms that are faster than what would naively be thought possible.

Piston and tilt are not actually true optical aberrations, as they do not represent or model curvature in the wavefront.

This involves an auxiliary regression, wherein the residuals obtained from estimating the model of interest are regressed on ( a ) the original regressors and ( b ) k lags of the residuals, where k is the order of the test.

In the United States there is a proportionally limited tax on alcopops relative to those sold in Europe, although some states are considering legislation to bring their tax levels closer to the European model, which is credited with limiting consumption by youth.

What we have left as reasonably comparable are four classes: ( 1 ) body parts and products, which with a proportionally nearly even representation ( 51 terms out of 253, 25 out of 100 ) come out with nearly even ratios ; ;

Arguments of the parties to the appeal are presented through their appellate lawyers, if represented, or " pro se " if the party has not engaged legal representation.

Two of the most well-known applications of the pure elements are rubidium and caesium atomic clocks, of which caesium atomic clocks are the most accurate representation of time known as of.

The bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate ( seventeen-member body appointed by the Governor General ) and the House of Representatives ( seventeen seats ; members are elected by proportional representation to serve five-year terms ).

The coefficients are displayed in their hexadecimal equivalent of the binary representation of bit polynomials from GF ( 2 ).

Today they are the most common symbolic representation of numbers in the world.

Allegory is generally treated as a figure of rhetoric ; a rhetorical allegory is a demonstrative form of representation conveying meaning other than the words that are spoken.

For that reason, the elements of an array data structure are required to have the same size and should use the same data representation.

The open books represent the intellectual pursuits of a university, and the wolves heads are a whimsical representation of the University's location in Wolfville.

Members of the parliament are chosen according to a proportional representation system.

Half of the Members of the Bundestag are elected directly from 299 constituencies ( first-past-the-post system ), the other half are elected from the parties ’ Land lists in such a way as to achieve proportional representation for the total Bundestag ( if possible ).

In mathematics terminology, the vector space of bras is the dual space to the vector space of kets, and corresponding bras and kets are related by the Riesz representation theorem.

Particularly in hardware design and verification applications, satisfiability and other logical properties of a given propositional formula are sometimes decided based on a representation of the formula as a binary decision diagram ( BDD ).

The political parties with the largest representation in the current Chilean Congress are the centrist Christian Democrat Party and the conservative Independent Democratic Union ( Unión Demócrata Independiente ).

Some critics of this approach feel that while these models approach biological reality as a representation of how the system works, they lack explanatory powers because complicated systems of connections with even simple rules are extremely complex and often less interpretable than the system they model.

There are also some scientists who have expressed grave reservations about the idea that the brain forms representations of the outside world at all: influential members of this group include psychologist J. J. Gibson and roboticist Rodney Brooks, who both argued in favor of " intelligence without representation ".

When applied to the simplest two-electron molecule, H < sub > 2 </ sub >, valence bond theory, even at the simplest Heitler-London approach, gives a much closer approximation to the bond energy, and it provides a much more accurate representation of the behavior of the electrons as chemical bonds are formed and broken.

Once the electronic and nuclear variables are separated ( within the Born – Oppenheimer representation ), in the time-dependent approach, the wave packet corresponding to the nuclear degrees of freedom is propagated via the time evolution operator ( physics ) associated to the time-dependent Schrödinger equation ( for the full molecular Hamiltonian ).

His numerous landscapes, chiefly cabinet pictures, are remarkable for fidelity to nature, and especially for their skilful representation of varied phases of climate.

The best known fictional representation of the Emperor Claudius were the books I, Claudius and Claudius the God ( published in 1934 and 1935 ) by Robert Graves, both written in the first-person to give the reader the impression that they are Claudius ' autobiography.

Though the technical details of rendering methods vary, the general challenges to overcome in producing a 2D image from a 3D representation stored in a scene file are outlined as the graphics pipeline along a rendering device, such as a GPU.

There are four " specialist sections ": Trade Union CND, Christian CND, Labour CND and Ex-Services CND, which have rights of representation on the governing council.

In some countries, census data are used to apportion electoral representation ( sometimes controversially – e. g., Utah v. Evans ).