Many different civilizations are known to use Orbitals sized according to the preferences of the builders ; the Culture's Orbitals are approximately ten million kilometres in circumference, which, together with their rotational speed, creates gravity and day-night cycles to normal Culture standard.

Orbitals are given names in the form:

Orbitals of multi-electron atoms are qualitatively similar to those of hydrogen, and in the simplest models, they are taken to have the same form.

Orbitals with the same value of n and also the same value of l are even more closely related, and are said to comprise a " subshell ".

Their intelligence is measured against that of an average biological member of the Culture ; a so-called " 1. 0 value " drone would be considered the mental equal of a biological citizen, whereas lesser drones such as the menial service units of Orbitals are merely proto-sentient ( capable of limited reaction to unprogrammed events, but possessing no consciousness, and thus not considered citizens ; these take care of much of the menial work in the Culture ).

Orbitals are ribbon-like hoops of a super-strong material ( see also unobtainium ) reinforced and joined with force fields.

Orbitals are regarded as highly matter-efficient, providing vastly more usable living space for their constituent mass than primitive arrangements like planets.

They are similar to the Orbitals in Iain M Banks ' Culture novels, and author Larry Niven's Ringworld concept.

Orbitals are a model representation of the behaviour of electrons within molecules.

They are mainly used as high-speed shuttles between Culture Systems Vehicles ( when it is inconvenient for the larger ships to decelerate ), as movers of raw materials for building Orbitals or other space habitats, and for providing other Culture ships with a ' boost ' to aid in rapid deceleration or acceleration.

Orbitals are peaceful people who follow CEGA's lead for protection.

Given its dimensions ( 10, 000 kilometers in diameter ) it is more like Banks ' Culture Orbitals ( though much smaller ) than Niven's behemoth.

Though there need be no directly visible indication for the transition from one plate to another, on some Orbitals the border between neighboring plates is marked by an artificially high string of mountains known as a ' bulkhead range '.

Responsibility for day-to-day administration of one of the Culture's Orbitals and the management of its complex systems mainly rests with a Mind, which is situated in a structure in space at the centre of the Orbital, known as the Hub.

He is revered among the Orbitals ' inhabitants in an almost god-like way, and is extremely apathetic towards whom he calls the " gravity-slaves " of Earth.

PLATO ( Package for Linear-combination of ATomic Orbitals ) is a suite of programs for electronic structure calculations originally designed and written by Andrew Horsfield and Steven Kenny, but now with contributions from others.

This was further developed by Iain M. Banks in his Culture series, which features about 1 / 100th ringworld – size megastructures called Orbitals that orbit a star rather than encircling it entirely.

Other science fiction authors have devised their own variants of Niven's Ringworld, notably Iain M. Banks ' Culture Orbitals, best described as miniature Ringworlds, and the ring-shaped Halo structure of the video game Halo.

Banks has described Orbitals as looking like " a god's bracelet " hanging in outer space.

Weighting of the of resonance structures in terms of their contribution to the overall structure can be calculated in multiple ways, using " Ab initio " methods derived from Valence Bond theory, or else from the Natural Bond Orbitals ( NBO ) approaches of Weinhold NBO5, or finally from empirical calculations based on the Hückel method.

Children select the area they want to customize by clicking the arrows on the outer ring-you can choose from Sky, Ground, Mountains, and Orbitals ( satellites and moons ) for the four planetary Zones.

Because external magnetic fields ( and stray fields from magnetic contacts ) can cause large Hall effects and magnetoresistance in semiconductors ( which mimic spin-valve effects ), the only conclusive evidence of spin transport in semiconductors is demonstration of spin precession and dephasing in a magnetic field non-collinear to the injected spin orientation.

Although there are no known magnetic monopoles in nature, there are magnetic dipoles in the form of the quantum-mechanical spin associated with particles such as electrons ( although the accurate description of such effects falls outside of classical electromagnetism ).

The property of ferromagnetism is due to the direct influence of two effects from quantum mechanics: spin and the Pauli exclusion principle.

The quantum mechanical effects on helium-3 and helium-4 are significantly different because with two protons, two neutrons, and two electrons, helium-4 has an overall " spin " of zero, making it a boson, but with one fewer neutron, helium-3 has an overall spin of plus or minus one half, making it a fermion.

Due to relativistic effects ( Dirac equation ), there is a magnetic momentum, μ < sub > S </ sub >, arising from the electron spin

) re-analysed the same data from the 2001 meta-analysis and concluded that the placebo effects for objective symptom measures are comparable to placebo effects for subjective ones and that the placebo effect can exceed the effect of the active treatment by 20 % for disorders amenable to the placebo effect, a conclusion which Hróbjartsson & Gøtzsche described as " powerful spin ".

Plasma effects being vital in slowing down a protostar's spin in stellar formation is accepted as mainstream science today ( although the actual mechanism is not so clearcut ).

He recorded the signals from Sputniks I, II and III and discussed them in terms of the satellite spin, antenna polarisation, and propagation effects of the ionised medium, especially Faraday effect.

He was an excellent athlete who would spend hours a day on court practising his many shots, and studying the spin effects of the various surfaces of the court had on the ball.

Thus the fastball falls less than a ball thrown without spin ( neglecting knuckleball effects ) during the 60 feet 6 inches it travels to home plate.

In polar orbit, with the gyro spin directions also pointing toward HR8703, the frame-dragging and geodetic effects came out at right angles, each gyroscope measuring both.

For a hydrogenic atom, the gross structure energy levels only depend on the principal quantum number n. However, a more accurate model takes into account relativistic and spin effects, which break the degeneracy of the energy levels and split the spectral lines.

Tezuka's Tezuka Zone allows him to focus the effects of one of Muga's doors,, into his left arm, preventing the loss of stamina, and giving him the ability to return balls with twice the strength, or spin, that they were hit with.

Microstructural effects have also been investigated for polycrystalline samples and it has been found that the magnetoresistance is often dominated by the tunneling of spin polarized electrons between grains, giving rise to an intrinsic grain-size dependence to the magnetoresistance.

The calls would sometimes reach 20 a night, and would spin several staples of Zemanek such as sound effects, on Stan himself.

Its spin rate was not high enough to compensate for the effects of wind and gravity drop, and the rockets dispersed widely on launch: a volley of 24 rockets would cover an area the size of a football field.

Because spin labels are exquisitely sensitive to motion, this has profound effects on its EPR spectrum.

For instance, a Gravitron's spin forces riders against a wall and allows riders to be elevated above the machine's floor in defiance of Earth's gravity.

A cycler could combine several roles: habitat ( for example it could spin to produce an " artificial gravity " effect ); mothership ( providing life support for the crews of smaller spacecraft which hitch a ride on it ).

The Mars Oz reference mission also differs in assuming, based on space station experience, that spin gravity will not be required.

In 2 + 1 dimensions, however, gravity is a topological field theory, and it has been successfully quantized in several different ways, including spin networks.

Simple spin network of the type used in loop quantum gravity

The resulting candidate for a theory of quantum gravity is Loop quantum gravity, in which space is represented by a network structure called a spin network, evolving over time in discrete steps.

This corresponds to the case with a nonzero spin tensor in Einstein-Cartan gravity theory.

In this work, he reported his best-known experiment, involving the use of a falling weight, in which gravity does the mechanical work, to spin a paddle-wheel in an insulated barrel of water which increased the temperature.

* Orbital ( The Culture )-from Ian Bank's " Culture " series ; 10 million kilometer rings which spin to simulate gravity and orbit a star like a planet.

However, this sparks illegal immigration from Earth, so to ease the population strain on the Blue Planet, Martian scientists and engineers are soon put to the task of creating asteroid cities ; where small planetoids of the Belt are hollowed out, given a spin to produce gravity, and a mini-sun is created to produce light and heat.

It is played by holding the free end of the string ( usually by inserting one finger in a slip knot ) allowing gravity or the force of a throw to spin the yo-yo and unwind the string ( similar to how a pullstring works ), then allowing the yo-yo to wind itself back to one's hand, exploiting its spin ( and the associated rotational energy ).

The full development of the theory is pursued in two directions: the more traditional canonical loop quantum gravity and the younger covariant loop quantum gravity, or spin foam theory.

Simple spin network of the type used in loop quantum gravity

A spin network can be seen as an ensemble of a finite number of ( quantum ) Faraday lines of gravity, which define a quantum space.

** Alejandro Perez, Introduction to loop quantum gravity and spin foams, e-print available as.

** Hermann Nicolai and Kasper Peeters Loop and spin foam quantum gravity: A Brief guide for beginners., e-print available as.

* Spin networks, spin foams and loop quantum gravity

Simple spin network of the type used in loop quantum gravity

In loop quantum gravity ( LQG ), a spin network represents a " quantum state " of the gravitational field on a 3-dimensional hypersurface.

The attitude of the spacecraft about its center of gravity was controlled to scan the celestial sphere in a regular precessional motion maintaining a constant inclination between the spin axis and the sun direction.