* John Philoponus, Commentary on Aristotle ’ s Physics

* Philoponus, John, On Aristotle ’ s Physics, trans.

Philoponus ’ early writings are based on lectures given by Ammonius, but gradually he established his own independent thinking in his commentaries and critiques of Aristotle ’ s On the Soul and Physics.

In the latter work Philoponus became one of the earliest thinkers to reject Aristotle ’ s dynamics and propose the ‘ theory of impetus ’: i. e. an object moves and continues to move because of an energy imparted in it by the mover, and ceases movement when that energy is exhausted.

In this erroneous but insightful theory can be found the first step towards the concept of inertia in modern physics, although Philoponus ’ theory was largely ignored at the time because he was too radical in his rejection of Aristotle.

The intellectual battle against eternalism became one of Philoponus ’ major preoccupations and dominated several of his publications ( some now lost ) over the following decade.

Thus Philoponus ’ theological work is recognized in the history of science as the first attempt at a unified theory of dynamics.

In that regard, the repetitive nature of Philoponus ’ commentaries demonstrates his pedagogical awareness.

Most of Philoponus ’ early philosophical works strive to define the distinction between matter, extension, place and various kinds of change.

Similarly to Aristotle, who rejected the immaterial things, and in contrast to Plato whose metaphysics accepted immaterial substances, Philoponus ’ concept of substance refers to the material objects.

Concerning the discussion of space, Philoponus ’ claim that from every point in space is possible to draw identical figures, made him be perceived as an innovative thinker who influenced later Renaissance scholars, for instance, Gianfranceso Pico della Mirandola and Galileo Galilei.

Philoponus has raised the central question of the scientific and philosophical Aristotle ’ s work on chemistry.

There are various interpretations of the theory of mixture, but it seems that Philoponus is rather refining Aristotle ’ s approach than rejecting it.

Philoponus ’ major Christological work is Arbiter.

John Philoponus ’ Christological “ opus magnum ” stands in the line with St. Cyril of Alexandria and Severus of Antioch.

Philoponus ’ view of space as homogeneity is influenced by the Hellenic teaching of Aristotle.

It is widely accepted that Copernicus's De revolutionibus followed the outline and method set by Ptolemy in his Almagest and employed geometrical constructions that had been developed previously by the Maragheh school in his heliocentric model, and that Galileo's mathematical treatment of acceleration and his concept of impetus rejected earlier medieval analyses of motion, rejecting by name ; Averroes, Avempace, Jean Buridan, and John Philoponus ( see Theory of impetus ).

* 6th century — John Philoponus proposes a universe that is finite in time and argues against the ancient Greek notion of an infinite universe

About 550 AD the Christian philosopher John Philoponus wrote a treatise on the astrolabe in Greek, which is the earliest extant Greek treatise on the instrument.

Perhaps most notable of these is his commentary on Genesis, which is cited by Cosmas Indicopleustes, John Philoponus, and Photius ( Cod.

The idea that with the transfer of the imperial capital from Rome to Constantinople primacy in the Church was also transferred is found in undeveloped form as early as John Philoponus ( c. 490 – c.

Although in the abstract manner, Philoponus is chiefly focused on the concept in question.

The argument made by Philoponus is that substances by themselves require some determinate quantity for their being.

In the third book of De Anima, entitled De Intellectu, Philoponus analyzes the doctrine of the intellect.

John Philoponus stands out for having attempted a fundamental critique of Aristotle's views on the eternity of the world, movement, and other elements of Aristotelian thought.

The first Greek Christians to comment extensively on Aristotle were John Philoponus, Elias, and David in the sixth century, and Stephen of Alexandria in the early seventh century.

He also taught Asclepius of Tralles, John Philoponus, Damascius and Simplicius.

* John Philoponus: On Aristotle On Coming-to-be and Perishing 1. 1-5, translated by C. J. F. Williams.

* John Philoponus: On Aristotle On Coming-to-be and Perishing 1. 6-2. 4, translated by C. J. F. Williams.

* John Philoponus: On Aristotle On the Soul 2. 1-6, translated by W. Charlton.

* John Philoponus: On Aristotle On the Soul 2. 7-12, translated by W. Charlton.

* John Philoponus: On Aristotle On the Soul 3. 1-8, translated by W. Charlton.

* John Philoponus: On Aristotle On the Intellect ( de Anima 3. 4-8 ), translated by W. Charlton.

In recognition of his contribution to the creation of modern electrical science, an international convention signed in 1881 established the ampere as a standard unit of electrical measurement, along with the coulomb, volt, ohm, and watt, which are named, respectively, after Ampère ’ s contemporaries Charles-Augustin de Coulomb of France, Alessandro Volta of Italy, Georg Ohm of Germany, and James Watt of Scotland.

In particular, ECMWF ’ s emphasis on the provision of reliable predictions of severe weather can be seen as a key contribution to help society adapt to the dangers and threats associated with global warming.

Director / actor John Cassavetes contemplating Capra ’ s contribution to the art of film quipped: “ Maybe there really wasn ’ t an America, it was only Frank Capra .” Capra ’ s films were his love letters to an idealized America — a cinematic landscape of his own invention.

Despite his revolutionary rhetoric, Goebbels ’ most important contribution to the Nazi cause between 1930 and 1933 was as the organizer of successive election campaigns: The Reichstag elections of September 1930, July and November 1932 and March 1933, and Hitler ’ s presidential campaign of March – April 1932.

In 1954 the Groupement Tactique Régimentaire ( GTR ), ( Regimental Tactical Group ) was established as Luxembourg ’ s contribution to NATO and consisted of three Infantry Battalions, an Artillery Battalion, a Services Company, a Medical Company, a Transport Company, a Signals Company, a Company of Engineers, a Heavy Mortar Company, a Reconnaissance Company and a Headquarters Company.

# Sourcing Mass Media News: Herman and Chomsky argue that “ the large bureaucracies of the powerful subsidize the mass media, and gain special access the news, by their contribution to reducing the media ’ s costs of acquiring [...] and producing, news.

During the War of 1812, Nova Scotia ’ s contribution to the war effort was communities either purchasing or building various privateer ships to lay siege to American vessels.

Given the importance of Nietzsche ’ s contribution to the topic of nihilism, Heidegger's influential interpretation of Nietzsche is important for the historical development of the term nihilism.

Edmund Bergler ’ s first contribution to the psychoanalytic theory of homosexuality was “ Der Mammakomplex des Mannes “, an article co-authored with L. Eidelberg and published in the Internationale Zeitschrift fuer Psychoanalyse in 1933.

Durban University of Technology has acknowledged Steve Biko ’ s contribution to South African Society by naming its largest campus after him.

Bruce E. Wright claims that “ this was a crucial contribution from Fonseca ’ s work that set the template for FSLN governance during the revolutionary years and beyond.

In the early 2000s, the contribution of Turkmenistan ’ s state-run agriculture sector to gross domestic product increased under close state supervision.

UNWTO encourages the implementation of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism, to maximize tourism ’ s socio-economic contribution while minimizing its possible negative impacts, and is committed to promoting tourism as an instrument in achieving the United Nations Millennium Development Goals ( MDGs ), geared towards reducing poverty and fostering sustainable development.

The same reviewer in The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music sums up the band ’ s 1970s contribution as “ one of the most inventive, original and genuinely exciting groups to emerge during the punk era ”.

* The foremost contribution, which is the raison d ’ etre for Moore's law, is the invention of the integrated circuit itself, credited contemporaneously to Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Intel.

Maskelyne ’ s first contribution to astronomical literature was A Proposal for Discovering the Annual Parallax of Sirius, published in 1760.

The animal mesomeres of P. flava go on to give rise to the larva ’ s ectoderm, animal blastomeres also appear to give rise to these structures though the exact contribution varies from embryo to embryo.

Examples of defined contribution pension schemes in other countries are, the UK ’ s personal pensions and proposed National Employment Savings Trust ( NEST ), Germany ’ s Riester plans, Australia ’ s Superannuation system and New Zealand ’ s KiwiSaver scheme.

Tchaikovsky ’ s contribution to the genre is a series of Variations on a Rococo Theme.