* John Philoponus, Commentary on Aristotle ’ s Physics

* Philoponus, John, On Aristotle ’ s Physics, trans.

Philoponus ’ early writings are based on lectures given by Ammonius, but gradually he established his own independent thinking in his commentaries and critiques of Aristotle ’ s On the Soul and Physics.

In the latter work Philoponus became one of the earliest thinkers to reject Aristotle ’ s dynamics and propose the ‘ theory of impetus ’: i. e. an object moves and continues to move because of an energy imparted in it by the mover, and ceases movement when that energy is exhausted.

In this erroneous but insightful theory can be found the first step towards the concept of inertia in modern physics, although Philoponus ’ theory was largely ignored at the time because he was too radical in his rejection of Aristotle.

The intellectual battle against eternalism became one of Philoponus ’ major preoccupations and dominated several of his publications ( some now lost ) over the following decade.

Thus Philoponus ’ theological work is recognized in the history of science as the first attempt at a unified theory of dynamics.

In that regard, the repetitive nature of Philoponus ’ commentaries demonstrates his pedagogical awareness.

Most of Philoponus ’ early philosophical works strive to define the distinction between matter, extension, place and various kinds of change.

Similarly to Aristotle, who rejected the immaterial things, and in contrast to Plato whose metaphysics accepted immaterial substances, Philoponus ’ concept of substance refers to the material objects.

Concerning the discussion of space, Philoponus ’ claim that from every point in space is possible to draw identical figures, made him be perceived as an innovative thinker who influenced later Renaissance scholars, for instance, Gianfranceso Pico della Mirandola and Galileo Galilei.

Philoponus has raised the central question of the scientific and philosophical Aristotle ’ s work on chemistry.

Philoponus ’ contribution to the topic is in his new definition of potential, the third of the seven elements criteria.

There are various interpretations of the theory of mixture, but it seems that Philoponus is rather refining Aristotle ’ s approach than rejecting it.

Philoponus ’ major Christological work is Arbiter.

John Philoponus ’ Christological “ opus magnum ” stands in the line with St. Cyril of Alexandria and Severus of Antioch.

Cosmas's view has never been influential even in religious circles ; a near-contemporary Christian, John Philoponus, disagreed with him as did most Christian philosophers of the era.

Although many scholars therefore view Ham as an eponym used to represent Egypt in the Table of Nations, a number of Christians throughout history, including Origen and the Cave of Treasures, have argued for the alternate proposition that Ham represents all black people, his name symbolising their dark skin colour ; pro-slavery advocates, from Eutychius of Alexandria and John Philoponus, to American pro-slavery apologists, have therefore occasionally interpreted the narrative as a condemnation of all black people to slavery.

* Commentary on Aristotle's Physics Philoponus ' most important commentary, in which he challenges Aristotle on time, space, void, matter and dynamics.

Philoponus attempts to combine the idea of homogeneous space with the Aristotelian system.

Thus, Philoponus ' idea of perspective signifies the concept of space as immaterial three-dimensional medium in which objects are located.

It is widely accepted that Copernicus's De revolutionibus followed the outline and method set by Ptolemy in his Almagest and employed geometrical constructions that had been developed previously by the Maragheh school in his heliocentric model, and that Galileo's mathematical treatment of acceleration and his concept of impetus rejected earlier medieval analyses of motion, rejecting by name ; Averroes, Avempace, Jean Buridan, and John Philoponus ( see Theory of impetus ).

* 6th century — John Philoponus proposes a universe that is finite in time and argues against the ancient Greek notion of an infinite universe

About 550 AD the Christian philosopher John Philoponus wrote a treatise on the astrolabe in Greek, which is the earliest extant Greek treatise on the instrument.

Perhaps most notable of these is his commentary on Genesis, which is cited by Cosmas Indicopleustes, John Philoponus, and Photius ( Cod.

The idea that with the transfer of the imperial capital from Rome to Constantinople primacy in the Church was also transferred is found in undeveloped form as early as John Philoponus ( c. 490 – c.

Although in the abstract manner, Philoponus is chiefly focused on the concept in question.

The argument made by Philoponus is that substances by themselves require some determinate quantity for their being.

* On Aristotle's Prior Analytics ( written by John Philoponus )

* On Aristotle's Posterior Analytics ( written by John Philoponus )

* On Aristotle's On Generation and Corruption ( written by John Philoponus )

* On Aristotle's On the Soul ( written by John Philoponus )

* John Philoponus: On Aristotle On Coming-to-be and Perishing 1. 1-5, translated by C. J. F. Williams.

* John Philoponus: On Aristotle On Coming-to-be and Perishing 1. 6-2. 4, translated by C. J. F. Williams.

* John Philoponus: On Aristotle On the Soul 2. 1-6, translated by W. Charlton.

* John Philoponus: On Aristotle On the Soul 2. 7-12, translated by W. Charlton.

* John Philoponus: On Aristotle On the Soul 3. 1-8, translated by W. Charlton.

* John Philoponus: On Aristotle On the Intellect ( de Anima 3. 4-8 ), translated by W. Charlton.

Steven Duncan, writes that " it was first formulated by a Greek-speaking Syriac Christian neo-Platonist, John Philoponus.

The theory of impetus, the ancestor to the concepts of inertia and momentum, was developed along similar lines by medieval philosophers such as John Philoponus and Jean Buridan.

In the Middle Ages, Aristotle's theories were criticized and modified by a number of figures, beginning with John Philoponus in the 6th century.

A central problem was that of projectile motion, which was discussed by Hipparchus and Philoponus.

Philoponus ' arguments against an infinite past were used by the early Muslim philosopher, Al-Kindi ( Alkindus ); the Jewish philosopher, Saadia Gaon ( Saadia ben Joseph ); and the Muslim theologian, Al-Ghazali ( Algazel ).

* Philoponus: Corollaries on Place and Void, with Simplicius: Against Philoponus On the Eternity of the World, translated by David Furley and Christian Wildberg ( 1991 ).

* Philoponus: On Aristotle, Physics 5-8, with Simplicius: On Aristotle on the Void, translated by Paul Lettinck and J. O. Urmson ( 1994 ).

Jean Buridan, following in the footsteps of John Philoponus and Avicenna, proposed that motion was maintained by some property of the body, imparted when it was set in motion.

The principal writer was John Philoponus, the great Aristotelian commentator ; the leaders were two bishops, Conon of Tarsus and Eugenius of Seleucia in Isauria, who were deposed by their comprovincials and took refuge at Constantinople where they found a powerful convert and protector in Athanasius the Monk, a grandson of the Empress Theodora.

# In the Middle Ages Roscellin of Compiegne, the founder of Nominalism, who argued like Philoponus that unless the Three Persons are tres res, the whole Trinity must have been incarnate, was refuted by St. Anselm.

) mentions his catechism, in which he established the teaching of the consubstantial Trinity, saying that he wrote it in 568, under Justin II, and that it was afterwards attacked by the impious Philoponus.