* Arthur Schopenhauer: Philosopher of Pessimism.

* Danto, Arthur, Nietzsche as Philosopher, Macmillan, 1965

* Arthur Chute McGill, Canadian born American Theologian and Philosopher and Harvard Graduate ( 1941 ) Arthur C. McGill ( 1926-1980 ) was the Bussey Professor of Theology at Harvard from 1971 until 1980.

* Danto, Arthur, Nietzsche as Philosopher, Macmillan, 1965

Schopenhauer is often referred to as the ' King ' of pessimists, or the ' Philosopher of despair '; his outlook is heavily linked to that of Buddhism.

Philosopher Norman Malcolm's 1959 text Dreaming had argued against the possibility of checking the accuracy of dream reports.

Philosopher John Deely has argued for the contentious claim that the label " postmodern " for thinkers such as Derrida et al.

Philosopher Richard Rorty has argued that Foucault's ' archaeology of knowledge ' is fundamentally negative, and thus fails to adequately establish any ' new ' theory of knowledge per se.

In particular, Strauss argued that Plato's myth of the Philosopher king should be read as a reductio ad absurdum, and that philosophers should understand politics, not in order to influence policy but to ensure philosophy's autonomy from politics.

Philosopher Ayn Rand argued that the notion of a fetus having a right to life is " vicious nonsense " and stated, " An embryo has no rights ... a child cannot acquire any rights until it is born.

Philosopher and historian of science Thomas Samuel Kuhn argued that scientists are strongly committed to their beliefs, theories and methods ( the collection of which he termed " paradigms "), and that science progresses mainly by paradigm shifts.

* Philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche argued that kindness and love are the " most curative herbs and agents in human intercourse ".

Philosopher Martha Nussbaum has argued that something is objectified if any of the following factors is present:

Philosopher Sidney Hook praised The Open Society and its Enemies as a " subtly argued and passionately written " critique of the " historicist ideas that threaten the love of freedom the existence of an open society ".

Philosopher Jon Olafsson has argued that as it resulted in a split within the larger Social Democratic Party, Comintern did not approve of the merger in its eventual form.

Philosopher John Dupré argued that the book overstated the case for biological explanations and argued for a balanced approach.

Philosopher Nayef Al-Rodhan argues that previous concepts of civilizations, such as Samuel P. Huntington's arguments supporting a coming " clash of civilizations ," are misconstrued.

Philosopher and encyclopedist Mortimer Adler includes all such second-order questions about various fields of study, which are often found under various branches of philosophy beginning with the phrase " philosophy of ....", in his taxonomy.

Eighteen " Philosopher All-Stars " baseball cards ( as seen in the film ) are also included.

Philosopher Kim Sterelny adds, " In claiming that species typically undergo no further evolutionary change once speciation is complete, they are not claiming that there is no change at all between one generation and the next.

After the burning of the Tuileries Palace on May 23, 1871, Philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche himself meditated about the " fight against culture ", wondering what could justify culture if it were to be destroyed in such a " senseless " manner ( the arguments are: culture is justified by works of art and scientific achievements ; exploitation is necessary to those achievements, leading to the creation of exploited people who then fight against culture.

Philosopher Peter Hallward argues that they are an aristocratic form of politics.

Philosopher of religion Keith Ward has said scientism is philosophically inconsistent or even self-refuting, as the truth of the statements " no statements are true unless they can be proven scientifically ( or logically )" or " no statements are true unless they can be shown empirically to be true " cannot themselves be proven scientifically, logically, or empirically.

Philosopher Stephen Pepper also distinguished between theories and models, and said in 1948 that general models and theories are predicated on a " root " metaphor that constrains how scientists theorize and model a phenomenon and thus arrive at testable hypotheses.

But the Character and Philosopher is what he seems to pretend to, and to be a good deal conceited of: the Others are put on to comply with Les Manieres du Monde, but that you are to suppose his real characteristic ; and I can't but fancy he is a great Pretender in All kinds of Science, as well as that he really has acquired an uncommon Share in some '.

Philosopher Giovanni Gentile postulated free will which is metaphysically libertarian to exist in that all apparently extental determinations are fully self-created.

Philosopher John Searle suggests that, despite the " opaque prose " and lofty claims of Giroux, he interprets the goal of Giroux's form of critical pedagogy " to create political radicals ", thus highlighting the contestable and antagonistic moral and political grounds of the ideals of citizenship and " public wisdom "; these varying moral perspectives of what is " right " are to be found in what John Dewey has referred to as the tensions between traditional and progressive education.

Among the works listed by the Suda there are Homeric Questions ; Whether Homer is a Philosopher ; Homeric Problems and Solutions ; and two publications on Attic diction.

This is how women are compared to men, as the Philosopher says ( Ethic.

Philosopher Jonathan Glover says that beliefs are always a part of a belief system, and that belief systems are difficult to completely revise.

Philosopher Jonathan Glover warns that belief systems are like whole boats in the water ; it is extremely difficult to alter them all at once ( e. g. it may be too stressful, or people may maintain their biases without realizing it )

They are predominantly known for their hits, " Philosopher " and " Grandmother Says ".

Joseph Wright of Derby was mainly a portrait painter who also was one of the first artists to depict the Industrial Revolution, as well as developing a cross between the conversation piece and history painting in works like An Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump ( 1768 ) and A Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery ( c. 1766 ), which like many of his works are lit only by candlelight, giving a strong chiaroscuro effect.

The Philosopher Kings are a Canadian band who were most commercially successful in the late 1990s.

Philosopher Jacques Derrida, whose texts are considered difficult even by fellow scholars, explained that " In order to unfold what is implicit in so many discourses, one would have each time to make a pedagogical outlay that is just not reasonable to expect from every book.

* Philosopher, mystic and traveller, Paul Brunton ( 1898 – 1981 ) spent many years in Mysore under the care of the Maharaja and expressed his gratitude in the dedication of The Quest of the Overself: " You have rescued philosophy from those who would make it a mere refuge from disappointment, and converted it into a dynamic inspiration to higher action for service.

Babbage understood that the existence of an automatic computer would kindle interest in the field now known as algorithmic efficiency, writing in his Passages from the Life of a Philosopher, " As soon as an Analytical Engine exists, it will necessarily guide the future course of the science.

Naturalistic dualism comes from Australian Philosopher, David Chalmers ( born 1966 ) who argues there is an explanatory gap between objective and subjective experience that cannot be bridged by reductionism because consciousness is, at least, logically autonomous of the physical properties upon which it supervenes.

A similar defense comes from Australian Philosopher Frank Jackson ( born 1943 ) who revived the theory of Epiphenomenalism which argues that mental states do not play a role in physical states.

From the lonely life he led, and still more from the riddling nature of his philosophy and his contempt for humankind in general, he was called " The Obscure " and the " Weeping Philosopher ".

Philosopher Albert Meltzer proposed that individualist anarchism differs radically from revolutionary anarchism, and that it " is sometimes too readily conceded ' that this is, after all, anarchism '.

Julian (, ; 331 / 332 – 26 June 363 ), commonly known as Julian the Apostate or Julian the Philosopher, was Roman Emperor from 361 to 363 and a noted philosopher and Greek writer.

* Philosopher John Searle suggests that the Western canon can be roughly defined as " a certain Western intellectual tradition that goes from, say, Socrates to Wittgenstein in philosophy, and from Homer to James Joyce in literature ..."

Khayyam, for example, tried to derive it from an equivalent postulate he formulated from " the principles of the Philosopher " ( Aristotle ): " Two convergent straight lines intersect and it is impossible for two convergent straight lines to diverge in the direction in which they converge.

Also — several useful Tables, and valuable Receipts .— Various Selections from the Commonplace – Book of the Kentucky Philosopher, an American Sage ; with interesting and entertaining Essays, in Prose and Verse — the whole comprising a greater, more pleasing, and useful Variety than any Work of the Kind and Price in North America.

Unlike many commentators on Euclid before and after him ( including of course Saccheri ), Khayyám was not trying to prove the parallel postulate as such but to derive it from an equivalent postulate he formulated from " the principles of the Philosopher " ( Aristotle ):

He also wrote The Peripatetic Philosopher ( 1869 ), a series of amusing papers reprinted from The Australasian ; Long Odds ( London, 1870 ), a novel ; and numerous comedies and pantomimes, the best of, which was Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star ( Theatre Royal, Melbourne ; Christmas, 1873 ).

* Mr. Square ( Philosopher / school teacher to Tom and Master Blifil, also a hypocrite who hates Jones and favors Blifil, but who refrains from conspiration and eventually repents )

Philosopher Murray Rothbard wrote that " no being has a right to live, unbidden, as a parasite within or upon some person's body " and that therefore the woman is entitled to eject the fetus from her body at any time.

Leo VI, surnamed the Wise or the Philosopher (, Leōn VI ho Sophos, 19 September 866 – 11 May 912 ), was Byzantine Emperor from 886 to 912.

Edward, KG, (; 31 October 1391 – 9 September 1438 ), called the Philosopher or the Eloquent, was King of Portugal and the Algarve and second Lord of Ceuta from 1433 until his death.

* " Charms ", a song by Canadian band The Philosopher Kings from the 1996 album The Philosopher Kings

* --------, 2007, " The Last Mathematician from Hilbert's Göttingen: Saunders Mac Lane as Philosopher of Mathematics ,", British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 58 ( 1 ): 77 – 112.

* " In the Beginning ", by K ' Naan from The Dusty Foot Philosopher