Naturalistic dualism comes from Australian Philosopher, David Chalmers ( born 1966 ) who argues there is an explanatory gap between objective and subjective experience that cannot be bridged by reductionism because consciousness is, at least, logically autonomous of the physical properties upon which it supervenes.

A similar defense comes from Australian Philosopher Frank Jackson ( born 1943 ) who revived the theory of Epiphenomenalism which argues that mental states do not play a role in physical states.

Philosopher Mary Midgley, among others, argues that materialism is a self-refuting idea, at least in its eliminative form.

Philosopher Robert Nozick argues that Rand's foundational argument in ethics is unsound because she does not explain why someone could not rationally prefer dying and having no values.

Philosopher Tom Regan argues that animals have inherent value and moral rights as " subjects-of-a-life.

Philosopher Stephen Maitzen has called this the " Heaven Swamps Everything " theodicy, and argues that it is false because it conflates compensation and justification.

Philosopher Thomas Baldwin argues that Sartre's argument is based on a misunderstanding of Freud.

Philosopher Peter Hallward argues that they are an aristocratic form of politics.

Philosopher Thomas Baldwin argues that Sartre's argument is based on a misunderstanding of Freud.

Philosopher David Ingram argues that " affirming ' black pride ' is not equivalent to affirming ' white pride ,' since the former — unlike the latter — is a defensive strategy aimed at rectifying a negative stereotype ".

Philosopher Mark Alan Walker argues that rational perfectionism is, or should be, the ethical imperative behind transhumanism.

Philosopher Edward Stein argues that Ruse does not succeed in showing that social constructionism is mistaken, calling his discussion of it superficial.

Philosopher Paul Kurtz argues that nature is best accounted for by reference to material principles.

Philosopher George Walsh argues that Christianity can be seen as originating in a myth dressed up as history, or with a historical being mythologized into a supernatural one: he calls the former the Christ myth theory, and the latter the historical Jesus theory.

Philosopher Hilary Putnam provided a modern parallel of Descartes argument in his 1989 discussion of a brain in a vat, where he argues that brains which were directly fed with an input from a computer would not know the deception from reality.

Philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer argued that concepts are " mere abstractions from what is known through intuitive perception, and they have arisen from our arbitrarily thinking away or dropping of some qualities and our retention of others.

Aristotle is referred to as " The Philosopher " by Scholastic thinkers such as Thomas Aquinas.

Philosopher of science Karl Popper, in his Conjectures and Refutations, critiqued such claims of the explanatory power or valid application of historical materialism by arguing that it could explain or explain away any fact brought before it, making it unfalsifiable.

To be such a painter, he was a profound and penetrating Philosopher.

Philosopher and encyclopedist Mortimer Adler includes all such second-order questions about various fields of study, which are often found under various branches of philosophy beginning with the phrase " philosophy of ....", in his taxonomy.

Philosopher Ramon Llull ( 1235 – 1315 ) also used such techniques.

Philosopher John Deely has argued for the contentious claim that the label " postmodern " for thinkers such as Derrida et al.

After the burning of the Tuileries Palace on May 23, 1871, Philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche himself meditated about the " fight against culture ", wondering what could justify culture if it were to be destroyed in such a " senseless " manner ( the arguments are: culture is justified by works of art and scientific achievements ; exploitation is necessary to those achievements, leading to the creation of exploited people who then fight against culture.

Famous scholastics such as Aquinas believed him to be so important they did not refer to him by name, simply calling him " The Commentator " and calling Aristotle " The Philosopher.

Philosopher and incompatibilist Peter van Inwagen introduces this thesis as such:

Unlike many commentators on Euclid before and after him ( including of course Saccheri ), Khayyám was not trying to prove the parallel postulate as such but to derive it from an equivalent postulate he formulated from " the principles of the Philosopher " ( Aristotle ):

His influence was such that Avicenna referred to him simply as " the Master "; Maimonides, Alfarabi, Averroes, and Aquinas call him just " the Philosopher.

He complained of this assessment in his " Mathematicall Praeface ": " And for these, and such like marvellous Actes and Feates, Naturally, and Mechanically, wrought and contrived: ought any honest Student and Modest Christian Philosopher, be counted, & called a Conjurer?

The city also constituted an important intellectual center for a time during the Ottoman domination ( 1543-1854 ) with the Trikke School ( and later Greek School ), where famous intellectuals of the time, such as Dionysios the Philosopher, taught.

Philosopher John Kekes makes a similar point in his book The Art of Politics: The New Betrayal of America and How to Resist It in which he suggests that there is a danger to elevating any one particular political good – including equality of opportunity – without balancing competing goods such as justice, property rights, and others.

Many American hip hop artists were popular in Canada, and Black Canadian musicians such as Infidels, Deborah Cox and The Philosopher Kings had notable successes in the R & B, pop and rock genres ; however, even the most prominent Canadian hip hop acts during this era, including Ghetto Concept, Rascalz, Farm Fresh and Hip Club Groove, struggled to gain any kind of attention outside the campus radio underground.

Philosopher G. E. Moore cites a paradox in that such statements as " I went to the pictures last Tuesday but I don't believe it " can be true, are ( logically ) consistent, and are not ( obviously ) contradictions.

He gave his paintings enigmatic titles — such as The Nostalgia of the Infinite ( 1913 – 14 ), The Philosopher ’ s Conquest ( 1914 ), and The Soothsayer ’ s Recompense ( 1913 ) — that contribute to their cryptic effect.

* Philosopher Samuel Clarke attacks the views of Henry Dodwell on the immortality of the soul.

Philosopher and historian of science Thomas Samuel Kuhn argued that scientists are strongly committed to their beliefs, theories and methods ( the collection of which he termed " paradigms "), and that science progresses mainly by paradigm shifts.

Walter Mitty is referenced in the lyrics to the songs " T & P Combo " by 311, " Vacation " by Alabama, " Sex and Drugs and Rock ' n ' Roll " by Ian Dury, " Kitty Ricketts " by Radiator, " In The City " by Madness, " Dreams " by The Descendents, " Walter Mitty Blues " by The Meteors, " All Dressed Up For San Francisco " by The Philosopher Kings, " Silver Bird " by Mark Lindsay, and " Sammy Davis City " by Joe Strummer and Brian Setzer.

), Struggling with the Philosopher: A Refutation of Avicenna's Metaphysics.

Babbage understood that the existence of an automatic computer would kindle interest in the field now known as algorithmic efficiency, writing in his Passages from the Life of a Philosopher, " As soon as an Analytical Engine exists, it will necessarily guide the future course of the science.

Philosopher G. H. R. Parkinson notes a common objection to Kant's argument: that what ought to be done does not necessarily entail that it is possible.

* 1938 – Allama Muhammad Iqbal, Philosopher and Urdu / Persian poet ( b. 1877 )

One of these was Polish Philosopher Alfred Korzybski's General semantics, which was espoused in the US by Stuart Chase.

* Steinmetz the Philosopher, Ernest Caldecott, Philip Alger, 1965.

In 1721 The Christian Philosopher was published.

In response to Hobbes, the French Philosopher Rene Descartes ( 1596 – 1650 ) developed Cartesian Dualism, which posits that there is a divisible, mechanical body and an indivisible, immaterial mind which interact with one another.

) Philosopher Simon Blackburn wrote a rejoinder to Stove, though a subsequent essay by Stove's protegee James Franklin's suggested that Blackburn's response actually " confirms Stove's central thesis that Darwinism can ' explain ' anything.

The Creed of the Philosopher and the Hope of the Christian.

The Divine Classic of Nan-Hua ; Being the Works of Chuang Tsze, Taoist Philosopher.

* 1853 – Sarada Devi, Indian Philosopher ( d. 1920 )

Philosopher Max Stirner, in his book The Ego and Its Own, was the first philosopher to call himself an egoist, though his writing makes clear that he desired not a new idea of morality ( ethical egoism ), but rather a rejection of morality ( amoralism ), as a nonexistent and limiting “ spook ”; for this, Stirner has been described as the first individualist anarchist.

Philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche suggested that egoistic or " life-affirming " behavior stimulates jealousy or " ressentiment " in others, and that this is the psychological motive for the altruism in Christianity.

Philosopher David L. Norton identified himself an " ethical individualist ," and, like Rand, saw a harmony between an individual's fidelity to his own self-actualization, or " personal destiny ," and the achievement of society's well being.

According to Russell Socrates can be analysed into the form ' The Philosopher of Greece.

In the narrow scope it would read the Philosopher of Greece was not bald.