The word for a heretic in the Talmudic literature is " Apiqoros " ( אפיקורוס ), and Epicurus is titled in Modern Greek idiom as the " Dark Philosopher ".

Babbage understood that the existence of an automatic computer would kindle interest in the field now known as algorithmic efficiency, writing in his Passages from the Life of a Philosopher, " As soon as an Analytical Engine exists, it will necessarily guide the future course of the science.

Philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer argued that concepts are " mere abstractions from what is known through intuitive perception, and they have arisen from our arbitrarily thinking away or dropping of some qualities and our retention of others.

Naturalistic dualism comes from Australian Philosopher, David Chalmers ( born 1966 ) who argues there is an explanatory gap between objective and subjective experience that cannot be bridged by reductionism because consciousness is, at least, logically autonomous of the physical properties upon which it supervenes.

A similar defense comes from Australian Philosopher Frank Jackson ( born 1943 ) who revived the theory of Epiphenomenalism which argues that mental states do not play a role in physical states.

From the lonely life he led, and still more from the riddling nature of his philosophy and his contempt for humankind in general, he was called " The Obscure " and the " Weeping Philosopher ".

Philosopher Albert Meltzer proposed that individualist anarchism differs radically from revolutionary anarchism, and that it " is sometimes too readily conceded ' that this is, after all, anarchism '.

Julian (, ; 331 / 332 – 26 June 363 ), commonly known as Julian the Apostate or Julian the Philosopher, was Roman Emperor from 361 to 363 and a noted philosopher and Greek writer.

* Philosopher John Searle suggests that the Western canon can be roughly defined as " a certain Western intellectual tradition that goes from, say, Socrates to Wittgenstein in philosophy, and from Homer to James Joyce in literature ..."

Khayyam, for example, tried to derive it from an equivalent postulate he formulated from " the principles of the Philosopher " ( Aristotle ): " Two convergent straight lines intersect and it is impossible for two convergent straight lines to diverge in the direction in which they converge.

Also — several useful Tables, and valuable Receipts .— Various Selections from the Commonplace – Book of the Kentucky Philosopher, an American Sage ; with interesting and entertaining Essays, in Prose and Verse — the whole comprising a greater, more pleasing, and useful Variety than any Work of the Kind and Price in North America.

Unlike many commentators on Euclid before and after him ( including of course Saccheri ), Khayyám was not trying to prove the parallel postulate as such but to derive it from an equivalent postulate he formulated from " the principles of the Philosopher " ( Aristotle ):

He also wrote The Peripatetic Philosopher ( 1869 ), a series of amusing papers reprinted from The Australasian ; Long Odds ( London, 1870 ), a novel ; and numerous comedies and pantomimes, the best of, which was Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star ( Theatre Royal, Melbourne ; Christmas, 1873 ).

* Mr. Square ( Philosopher / school teacher to Tom and Master Blifil, also a hypocrite who hates Jones and favors Blifil, but who refrains from conspiration and eventually repents )

In particular, Strauss argued that Plato's myth of the Philosopher king should be read as a reductio ad absurdum, and that philosophers should understand politics, not in order to influence policy but to ensure philosophy's autonomy from politics.

Philosopher Murray Rothbard wrote that " no being has a right to live, unbidden, as a parasite within or upon some person's body " and that therefore the woman is entitled to eject the fetus from her body at any time.

Leo VI, surnamed the Wise or the Philosopher (, Leōn VI ho Sophos, 19 September 866 – 11 May 912 ), was Byzantine Emperor from 886 to 912.

Edward, KG, (; 31 October 1391 – 9 September 1438 ), called the Philosopher or the Eloquent, was King of Portugal and the Algarve and second Lord of Ceuta from 1433 until his death.

* " Charms ", a song by Canadian band The Philosopher Kings from the 1996 album The Philosopher Kings

* --------, 2007, " The Last Mathematician from Hilbert's Göttingen: Saunders Mac Lane as Philosopher of Mathematics ,", British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 58 ( 1 ): 77 – 112.

* " In the Beginning ", by K ' Naan from The Dusty Foot Philosopher

Our sources also make reference to it as the thirteenth book of the Laws ( though this presupposes the division of that dialogue into twelve books, which " is probably not earlier than the Hellenistic age "), as well as under the titles Nocturnal Council ( because it deals with the higher education of that Council, beyond what is described in Laws, in mathematics-based astronomy ) and Philosopher ( probably because the Nocturnal Council's members are " the counterpart of the guardians in the Republic who are said to be the true philosophers ").

One of these was Polish Philosopher Alfred Korzybski's General semantics, which was espoused in the US by Stuart Chase.

People did not have to choose one or the other and in Biblia Americana Mather looked at the Bible through a scientific perspective, the complete opposite of when he wrote The Christian Philosopher, in which he decided to approach science in a religious manner ( Smolinski 280-281 ).

In response to Hobbes, the French Philosopher Rene Descartes ( 1596 – 1650 ) developed Cartesian Dualism, which posits that there is a divisible, mechanical body and an indivisible, immaterial mind which interact with one another.

Philosopher Laozi was keeper of books in the earliest library in China, which belonged to the Imperial Zhou dynasty.

Philosopher and encyclopedist Mortimer Adler includes all such second-order questions about various fields of study, which are often found under various branches of philosophy beginning with the phrase " philosophy of ....", in his taxonomy.

That fact has been confirmed explicitly by the papal letter Industriae tuae ( 880 ) approving the use of Old Church Slavonic, which says that the alphabet was " invented by Constantine the Philosopher ".

Philosopher Rudolf Steiner established the first Waldorf education school in 1919, using a pedagogy also known as the Steiner method, which spread worldwide.

Joseph Wright's picture " A Philosopher giving a Lecture on the Orrery in which a lamp is put in place of the Sun " ( ca.

Philosopher and sociologist Theodor Adorno defined schadenfreude as “ largely unanticipated delight in the suffering of another which is cognized as trivial and / or appropriate ”.

Philosopher Douglas Kellner traces the identification of American exceptionalism as a distinct phenomenon back to 19th century French observer Alexis de Tocqueville, who concluded by agreeing that the U. S., uniquely, was " proceeding along a path to which no limit can be perceived.

Philosopher and historian of science Thomas Samuel Kuhn argued that scientists are strongly committed to their beliefs, theories and methods ( the collection of which he termed " paradigms "), and that science progresses mainly by paradigm shifts.

Philosopher Allan Bloom, a student of Leo Strauss, criticized Rawls for failing to account for the existence of natural right in his theory of justice, and wrote that Rawls absolutizes social union as the ultimate goal which would conventionalize everything into artifice.

Philosopher and theologian John E. Hare has noted that some philosophers see divine command theory as an example of Kant's heteronomous will – motives besides the moral law, which Kant regarded as non-moral.

Philosopher John Kekes makes a similar point in his book The Art of Politics: The New Betrayal of America and How to Resist It in which he suggests that there is a danger to elevating any one particular political good – including equality of opportunity – without balancing competing goods such as justice, property rights, and others.

Philosopher Giovanni Gentile postulated free will which is metaphysically libertarian to exist in that all apparently extental determinations are fully self-created.

filosofo confuso (" Demogorgon, or the Confused Philosopher " by Vincenzo Righini ( 1786 ) with a libretto by Lorenzo da Ponte, which was originally written for Mozart.

He is the lead singer for the R & B-pop group The Philosopher Kings, which reached its peak popularity in the 1990s.

In 1998, Magee published Confessions of a Philosopher, which essentially offers an introduction to philosophy in autobiographical form.

Joseph Wright of Derby was mainly a portrait painter who also was one of the first artists to depict the Industrial Revolution, as well as developing a cross between the conversation piece and history painting in works like An Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump ( 1768 ) and A Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery ( c. 1766 ), which like many of his works are lit only by candlelight, giving a strong chiaroscuro effect.