Philosophers of mind call the subjective aspects of mental events qualia ( or raw feels ).

Sir, I must now again beg you, not to let your resentments run so high, as to deprive us of your third book, wherein the application of your mathematical doctrine to the theory of comets and several curious experiments, which, as I guess by what you write, ought to compose it, will undoubtedly render it acceptable to those, who will call themselves Philosophers without Mathematics, which are much the greater number.

" The only thing whose existence we deny is that which Philosophers call Matter or corporeal substance.

: The Quest of the Holy Grail, the Search for the Stone of the Philosophers — by whatever name we choose to call the Great Work — is therefore endless.

Philosophers of education such as Juan Vives, Johann Pestalozzi, Friedrich Froebel, and Johann Herbart had examined, classified and judged the methods of education centuries before the beginnings of psychology in the late 1800s.

Philosophers such as Aristotle and Pliny the Elder argued that the full Moon induced insanity in susceptible individuals, believing that the brain, which is mostly water, must be affected by the Moon and its power over the tides, but the Moon's gravity is too slight to affect any single person.

Philosophers such as Rudolf Carnap and Hans Reichenbach, along with other members of the Vienna Circle, claimed that the truths of logic and mathematics were tautologies, and those of science were verifiable empirical claims.

Philosophers, such as Fiona Cowie and Barbara Scholz with Geoffrey Pullum have also argued against certain nativist claims in support of empiricism.

Philosophers such as Patricia Churchland posit that the drug-mind interaction is indicative of an intimate connection between the brain and the mind, not that the two are the same entity.

Philosophers such as Confucius, Mencius, and Mozi, focused on political unity and political stability as the basis of their political philosophies.

Philosophers of science, such as Paul Feyerabend, argued that a distinction between science and nonscience is neither possible nor desirable.

Philosophers of law are also concerned with a variety of philosophical problems that arise in particular legal subjects, such as constitutional law, contract law, criminal law, and torts.

Philosophers such as Condorcet, who drafted the French revolutionary chart for a people's education under the rule of reason, dismissed rhetoric as an instrument of oppression in the hands of clerics in particular.

Philosophers and politicians advocating for republics, such as Machiavelli, Montesquieu, Adams, and Madison, relied heavily on these sources.

Philosophers such as Pierre Duhem and Gaston Bachelard also wrote their works with this world-historical approach to science.

Philosophers such as Michael of Cesena, Marsilius of Padua and William of Ockham who advocated a form of church / state separation were now protected at the emperor's court in Munich.

Philosophers of Bahrain were highly esteemed, such as the 13th century mystic, Sheikh Maitham Al Bahrani ( died in 1299 ).

Philosophers such as Plato, Aristotle, Al-Farabi, Avicenna, Averroes, Maimonides, Aquinas and Hegel are sometimes said to have argued that reason must be fixed and discoverable — perhaps by dialectic, analysis, or study.

" Philosophers and many grammarians deem such usage incorrect.

Philosophers, mathematicians, and others ancient and modern such as Aristotle, Plato, Frege, Wittgenstein, Russell etc., have made a distinction between thought corresponding to reality, coherent abstractions, and that which cannot even be rationally thought.

Some Philosophers, such as René Descartes, argue that God is absolutely omnipotent.

Philosophers are less concerned with establishing fixed, controlled vocabularies than are researchers in computer science, while computer scientists are less involved in discussions of first principles, such as debating whether there are such things as fixed essences or whether entities must be ontologically more primary than processes.

Philosophers, psychologists and historians and early sociologists such as Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, George Santayana, Horace Kallen, John Dewey, W. E. B.

Philosophers such as Cheng Yi and Zhu Xi reinvigorated Confucianism with new commentary, infused with Buddhist ideals, and emphasized a new organization of classic texts that brought out the core doctrine of Neo-Confucianism.

Philosophers such as John Lucas argue that " The Block universe gives a deeply inadequate view of time.

Later authors combined Daoism with Confucianism and Legalism, such as Liu An ( 2nd century BCE ), whose Huainanzi ( The Philosophers of Huai-nan ) also added to the fields of geography and topography.

Philosophers and scientists such as Victor Reppert, William Hasker and Alvin Plantinga have developed an argument for dualism dubbed the " Argument from Reason " and credit C. S.

Philosophers working in the intersection of Thomism and analytic philosophy include: David Braine, Brian Davies OP ( Fordham ), Gabriele De Anna ( Udine ), John Finnis ( Oxford ), Peter Geach, John Haldane ( St Andrews ), Jonathan Jacobs ( Colgate ), Anthony Kenny ( Oxford ), Fergus Kerr OP ( Oxford ), Gyula Klima ( Fordham ), Norman Kretzmann, John Lamont, Anthony J. Lisska ( Denison ), Alasdair MacIntyre ( Notre Dame ), Bruce D. Marshall ( Southern Methodist Univ ), William Marshner ( Christendom ), Christopher Martin ( St Thomas, Houston ), Cyrille Michon ( Nantes, France ), Mark Murphy ( Georgetown ), Herbert McCabe, John P. O ' Callaghan ( Notre Dame ), Claude Panaccio ( UQAM ), Robert Pasnau ( CU Boulder ), Craig Paterson ( Independent Scholar ), Roger Pouivet ( Nancy, France ) Matthew S. Pugh ( Providence College ), Eleonore Stump ( Saint Louis ), Thomas Sullivan and Sandra Menssen ( University of St. Thomas, MN ), Stephen Theron, Denys Turner ( Yale ), Michael Thompson ( Pittsburgh ).

Philosophers ( and other users of logic ) spend a lot of time and effort searching for and removing ( or intentionally adding ) ambiguity in arguments, because it can lead to incorrect conclusions and can be used to deliberately conceal bad arguments.

* Kirk G. S .; Raven, J. E. and Schofield, M. ( 1983 ) The Presocratic Philosophers: a critical history with a selection of texts ( 2nd ed.

Philosophers argue this evades the issue.

Philosophers have many differing views on what the fundamental categories of being are.

Philosophers since the time of Descartes and Locke have struggled to comprehend the nature of consciousness and pin down its essential properties.

Philosophers and non-philosophers differ in their intuitions about what consciousness is.

Philosophers who consider subjective experience the essence of consciousness also generally believe, as a correlate, that the existence and nature of animal consciousness can never rigorously be known.

* < span id =" DK " class =" citation "> Freeman, Kathleen & Diels, Hermann ; Ancilla to the Pre-Socratic Philosophers: a complete translation of the fragments in Diels, Fragmente der Vorsokratiker.

Marx explicitly developed the notion of critique into the critique of ideology and linked it with the practice of social revolution, as in the famous 11th of his Theses on Feuerbach, " Philosophers have only interpreted the world in certain ways ; the point is to change it.

* Føllesdal, Dagfinn, 1972, " An Introduction to Phenomenology for Analytic Philosophers " in Olson, R. E., and Paul, A. M., eds., Contemporary Philosophy in Scandinavia.

Philosophers identify independent, logical reasoning as a precondition to most western science, engineering, economic and political theory.

The only surviving complete works by Epicurus are three letters, which are to be found in book X of Diogenes Laertius ' Lives of Eminent Philosophers, and two groups of quotes: the Principal Doctrines, reported as well in Diogenes ' book X, and the Vatican Sayings, preserved in a manuscript from the Vatican Library.

Philosophers associated with empiricism include Aristotle, Alhazen, Avicenna, Ibn Tufail, Robert Grosseteste, William of Ockham, Francis Bacon, Thomas Hobbes, Robert Boyle, John Locke, George Berkeley, David Hume, Leopold von Ranke, John Stuart Mill, and Karl Popper.

From at least the days of the Greek Philosophers, the relationship between faith and reason has been hotly debated.

* A History of Philosophy: Volume V: Modern Philosophy: The British Philosophers from Hobbes to Hume.

Several schools of thought existed within the medical field during Galen's lifetime, the main two being the Empiricists and Rationalists ( also called Dogmatists or Philosophers ), with the Methodists being a smaller group.

* van der Eijk P. Medicine and Philosophy in Classical Antiquity: Doctors and Philosophers on Nature, Soul, Health and Disease. Cambridge University Press, 2005 ISBN 0-521-81800-1, ISBN 978-0-521-81800-1