Physicists were initially uncertain of the nature of X-rays, although it was soon suspected ( correctly ) that they were waves of electromagnetic radiation, in other words, another form of light.

Physicists would contribute by assessing the changes in light transmission in the receiving waters.

* Arfken, George B. and Hans J. Weber, Mathematical Methods for Physicists, 6th edition ( Harcourt: San Diego, 2005 ).

An Advanced Treatment for Chemists and Physicists, North-Holland, Amsterdam.

Physicists struggled with this problem, which later became known as the ultraviolet catastrophe, unsuccessfully for many years.

Physicists have long been aware that there are solutions to the theory of general relativity which contain closed timelike curves, or CTCs — see for example the Gödel metric.

Physicists working on the project adopted the name " barn " for a unit equal to 10 < sup >− 24 </ sup > square centimetres, about the size of a uranium nucleus.

* Arfken, G., " Mathematical Methods for Physicists ", 3rd ed.

Physicists Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide Maskawa shared the other half of the prize for discovering the origin of the explicit breaking of CP symmetry in the weak interactions.

Physicists often use a definition for the Laguerre polynomials that is larger,

" Physicists attempt to reduce the complexity of nature to a single unifying theory, of which the most successful and universal, the quantum theory, has been associated with several Nobel prizes, for example those to Dirac and Heisenberg.

* George B. Arfken and Hans J. Weber, Mathematical Methods for Physicists, 6th edition, Elsevier Academic Press ( 2005 )

Mathematical Methods for Physicists.

* George B. Arfken and Hans J. Weber, Mathematical Methods for Physicists, 4th edition, Academic Press: San Diego ( 1995 ) pp. 92 – 93

It hosts the International Summer School for Young Physicists every summer, which is a physics camp for high school students.

The International Summer School for Young Physicists ( ISSYP ) brings approximately 40 Canadian and international students aged 16 – 18 to Perimeter for two weeks each year.

* George B. Arfken and Hans J. Weber, Mathematical Methods for Physicists ( Harcourt: San Diego, 2001 ).

* A Critical Role for Physicists in K – 12 Science Education Reform by David Hestenes and Jane Jackson

* George B. Arfken and Hans J. Weber, Mathematical Methods for Physicists, 4th edition, Academic Press: San Diego ( 1995 ) pp. 92 – 93

* George B. Arfken and Hans J. Weber, Mathematical Methods for Physicists International Edition, 6th edition, Academic Press: San Diego ( 2005 ) pp. 95 – 101

Physicists are unable to demonstrate experimental and astrophysical constraints of zero probability of catastrophic events, nor that tomorrow Earth will be struck with a " doomsday " cosmic ray ( they can only calculate an upper limit for the likelihood ).

Physicists have also developed other MRI-based techniques such as magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( for measuring some key metabolites such as N-acetylaspartate and lactate within the living brain ) and diffusion tensor imaging ( for mapping white matter tracts within the living brain ).

Physicists often use a definition for the Laguerre polynomials that is larger,

Physicists tend to have significantly less experience of statistical techniques, and thus lean on approaches based upon partial differential equations, and solutions to these based upon numerical analysis.

Physicists showed in the 1920s that in gas at extremely low densities, electrons can populate excited metastable energy levels in atoms and ions which at higher densities are rapidly de-excited by collisions.

Physicists showed in the 1920s that in gas at extremely low densities — even interstellar matter considered dense in an astronomical context is at high vacuum by laboratory standards — electrons can populate excited metastable energy levels in atoms and ions which at higher densities are rapidly de-excited by collisions.

Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning all length scales: from sub-atomic particles of which all ordinary matter is made ( particle physics ) to the behavior of the material Universe as a whole ( cosmology ).

The Morgan State University School of Engineering graduates more than two-thirds of the state's African-American Civil Engineers ; 60 percent of their African-American Electrical Engineers ; 80 percent of their African-American Telecommunications specialists ; more than one-third of their African-American Mathematicians ; and all of the Maryland's African-American Industrial Engineers and Physicists.

Physicists often discuss ideal test results that would occur in a perfect vacuum, which they sometimes simply call " vacuum " or free space, and use the term partial vacuum to refer to an actual imperfect vacuum as one might have in a laboratory or in space.

Physicists and acoustic engineers tend to discuss sound pressure levels in terms of frequencies, partly because this is how our ears interpret sound.

Physicists began to understand the concept of a black hole, and to identify quasars as one of these objects ' astrophysical manifestations.

Biographies of Famous Electrochemists and Physicists Contributed to Understanding of Electricity.

Physicists also call one-dimensional orthogonal projectors pure states and other density operators mixed states.

Physicists Gustave le Bon and P. Audollet and spiritualist

Physicists can measure when they can find the operations by which they may meet the necessary criteria ; psychologists have but to do the same.

Physicists often use the way each interpretation deals with Schrödinger's cat as a way of illustrating and comparing the particular features, strengths, and weaknesses of each interpretation.

) Physicists have not found any natural process which would be predicted to form a wormhole naturally in the context of general relativity, although the quantum foam hypothesis is sometimes used to suggest that tiny wormholes might appear and disappear spontaneously at the Planck scale, and stable versions of such wormholes have been suggested as dark matter candidates.

* Physicists develop M-theory.

Physicists have testified at United States Congressional hearings, however, that weapons with yields of 10 kilotons ( 42 TJ ) or less can produce a very large EMP.

Physicists who study the electrical properties of matter at the microscopic level use a closely related and more general vector equation, sometimes also referred to as Ohm's law, having variables that are closely related to the V, I, and R scalar variables of Ohm's law, but which are each functions of position within the conductor.

Physicists from across Europe ( and sometimes further abroad ) often visited the Institute to confer with Bohr on new theories and discoveries.

Physicists coordinate the beams so that they collide at the centers of two 5, 000-ton detectors DØ and CDF inside the Tevatron tunnel at energies of 1. 96 TeV, revealing the structure of matter at the smallest scale.