Physicists can measure when they can find the operations by which they may meet the necessary criteria ; psychologists have but to do the same.

Physicists often discuss ideal test results that would occur in a perfect vacuum, which they sometimes simply call " vacuum " or free space, and use the term partial vacuum to refer to an actual imperfect vacuum as one might have in a laboratory or in space.

Physicists were initially uncertain of the nature of X-rays, although it was soon suspected ( correctly ) that they were waves of electromagnetic radiation, in other words, another form of light.

Physicists are unable to demonstrate experimental and astrophysical constraints of zero probability of catastrophic events, nor that tomorrow Earth will be struck with a " doomsday " cosmic ray ( they can only calculate an upper limit for the likelihood ).

* Physicists at Brookhaven National Laboratory announce that they have created a newly discovered state of matter by smashing atoms in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider.

Physicists explain the behaviors of these particles and how they interact using the Standard Model — a widely accepted framework believed to explain most of the world we see around us.

) Physicists have not found any natural process which would be predicted to form a wormhole naturally in the context of general relativity, although the quantum foam hypothesis is sometimes used to suggest that tiny wormholes might appear and disappear spontaneously at the Planck scale, and stable versions of such wormholes have been suggested as dark matter candidates.

Physicists showed in the 1920s that in gas at extremely low densities, electrons can populate excited metastable energy levels in atoms and ions which at higher densities are rapidly de-excited by collisions.

Physicists have testified at United States Congressional hearings, however, that weapons with yields of 10 kilotons ( 42 TJ ) or less can produce a very large EMP.

Physicists who study the electrical properties of matter at the microscopic level use a closely related and more general vector equation, sometimes also referred to as Ohm's law, having variables that are closely related to the V, I, and R scalar variables of Ohm's law, but which are each functions of position within the conductor.

Physicists showed in the 1920s that in gas at extremely low densities — even interstellar matter considered dense in an astronomical context is at high vacuum by laboratory standards — electrons can populate excited metastable energy levels in atoms and ions which at higher densities are rapidly de-excited by collisions.

Physicists Rudolf Fleischmann and Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker were known to be working at the University of Strasbourg, as was Eugen von Haagen, an expert on viruses whose work was of great concern to the Alsos Mission's Biological Warfare Section.

Physicists at War with the Third Person, Social Studies of Science 29 ( 2 ), 261-86.

Physicists then, as now, often look at a property with the word " available " or " utilizable " in its name with a certain unease.

* Physicists Demonstrate Qubit-Qutrit Entanglement by Lisa Zyga at Physorg. com, February 26, 2008.

Physicists can look at this trail of ions and determine the path that the particle took.

The International Summer School for Young Physicists ( ISSYP ) brings approximately 40 Canadian and international students aged 16 – 18 to Perimeter for two weeks each year.

# Janez Strnad, Fiziki 1 ( Physicists 1 ), ( Mihelač in Nešović, Ljubljana 1995, pp 159 ).

Physicists and acoustic engineers tend to discuss sound pressure levels in terms of frequencies, partly because this is how our ears interpret sound.

* Arfken, George B. and Hans J. Weber, Mathematical Methods for Physicists, 6th edition ( Harcourt: San Diego, 2005 ).

An Advanced Treatment for Chemists and Physicists, North-Holland, Amsterdam.

Physicists struggled with this problem, which later became known as the ultraviolet catastrophe, unsuccessfully for many years.

Physicists began to understand the concept of a black hole, and to identify quasars as one of these objects ' astrophysical manifestations.

Biographies of Famous Electrochemists and Physicists Contributed to Understanding of Electricity.

Physicists assumed, morever, that like mechanical waves, light waves required a medium for propagation, and thus required Huygens's idea of an aether " gas " permeating all space.

Physicists also call one-dimensional orthogonal projectors pure states and other density operators mixed states.

Physicists Gustave le Bon and P. Audollet and spiritualist

Physicists often use the way each interpretation deals with Schrödinger's cat as a way of illustrating and comparing the particular features, strengths, and weaknesses of each interpretation.

* Physicists develop M-theory.

Physicists have long been aware that there are solutions to the theory of general relativity which contain closed timelike curves, or CTCs — see for example the Gödel metric.

Physicists from across Europe ( and sometimes further abroad ) often visited the Institute to confer with Bohr on new theories and discoveries.

Physicists would contribute by assessing the changes in light transmission in the receiving waters.

Physicists working on the project adopted the name " barn " for a unit equal to 10 < sup >− 24 </ sup > square centimetres, about the size of a uranium nucleus.

Physicists in 1900 had just begun to consider the structure of the atom.

Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning all length scales: from sub-atomic particles of which all ordinary matter is made ( particle physics ) to the behavior of the material Universe as a whole ( cosmology ).

Physicists have also developed other MRI-based techniques such as magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( for measuring some key metabolites such as N-acetylaspartate and lactate within the living brain ) and diffusion tensor imaging ( for mapping white matter tracts within the living brain ).

* Berkeley. edu – Physicists build world's smallest motor

The beams interfere, allowing the temporal coherence of the light to be measured at each different time delay setting, effectively converting the time domain into a spatial coordinate.

The Government of India further agrees in cooperation with the Government of the United States, to coordinate the use of grant and loan funds provided for in paragraphs 1 ( B ) and 1 ( C ) of Article 2, with such direct dollar assistance as may be made available by the Government of the United States of America, so that both sources of financing may be channeled to specific and clearly identifiable economic development programs and projects.

However, although Apollonius came close to developing analytic geometry, he did not manage to do so since he did not take into account negative magnitudes and in every case the coordinate system was superimposed upon a given curve a posteriori instead of a priori.

` Abdu ' l-Bahá asked Aqa Mirza Aqa to coordinate the work so that the house of the Báb would be restored to the state that it was at the time of the Báb's declaration to Mulla Husayn in 1844 ; he also entrusted the work on the House of Worship to Vakil-u'd-Dawlih.

For example, a point on the unit circle in the plane can be specified by two Cartesian coordinates, but one can make do with a single coordinate ( the polar coordinate angle ), so the circle is 1-dimensional even though it exists in the 2-dimensional plane.

The delta function has only radial dependence, so the Laplace operator ( aka scalar Laplacian ) in the spherical coordinate system simplifies to ( see del in cylindrical and spherical coordinates )

City regulations forbid a general contractor having final authority over the project, so architects and program manager Richard Kahan had to coordinate the wide array of builders, plumbers, electricians, and other workers.

Assume further that the coordinate systems are oriented so that, in 3 dimensions, the x-axis and the x ' - axis are collinear, the y-axis is parallel to the y ' - axis, and the z-axis parallel to the z ' - axis.

In the typical case where there is a finding of nonjusticiability due to the political question doctrine, the issue presented before the Court is usually so specific that the constitution gives all power to one of the coordinate political branches, or at the opposite end of the spectrum, the issue presented is so vague that the constitution does not even consider it.

Einstein developed general relativity to apply the principle in the more general case, that is, to any frame so as to handle general coordinate transformations, and that theory includes the effects of gravity.

Mathematically, if the coordinate system undergoes a transformation described by an invertible matrix M, so that a coordinate vector x is transformed to x ′

In casual usage, the label " prisoner's dilemma " may be applied to situations not strictly matching the formal criteria of the classic or iterative games: for instance, those in which two entities could gain important benefits from cooperating or suffer from the failure to do so, but find it merely difficult or expensive, not necessarily impossible, to coordinate their activities to achieve cooperation.

In astronomy, a celestial coordinate system is a system for specifying positions of celestial objects: satellites, planets, stars, galaxies, and so on.

Such quantities are the same in every coordinate system, so these infinities will not " go away " by a change of coordinates.

where the dot denotes the derivative with respect to time and V < sub > O </ sub > and A < sub > O </ sub > are the velocity and acceleration, respectively, of the origin of the moving frame M. Recall the coordinate vector p in M is constant, so its derivative is zero.

PCA is mathematically defined as an orthogonal linear transformation that transforms the data to a new coordinate system such that the greatest variance by any projection of the data comes to lie on the first coordinate ( called the first principal component ), the second greatest variance on the second coordinate, and so on.

For example, in 1D, if the mapping is a translation of 3 to the right, the first moves the origin from 0 to 3, so that the coordinate of each point becomes 3 less, while the second moves the origin from 0 to-3, so that the coordinate of each point becomes 3 more.