Physicists often discuss ideal test results that would occur in a perfect vacuum, which they sometimes simply call " vacuum " or free space, and use the term partial vacuum to refer to an actual imperfect vacuum as one might have in a laboratory or in space.

* Möbius, one of the three physicists in the play The Physicists by Friedrich Dürrenmatt

Physicists such as Alain Aspect and Paul Kwiat have performed experiments that have found violations of these inequalities up to 242 standard deviations ( excellent scientific certainty ).

Physicists tend to have significantly less experience of statistical techniques, and thus lean on approaches based upon partial differential equations, and solutions to these based upon numerical analysis.

Physicists write these as

Physicists explain the behaviors of these particles and how they interact using the Standard Model — a widely accepted framework believed to explain most of the world we see around us.

Physicists are unable to demonstrate experimental and astrophysical constraints of zero probability of catastrophic events, nor that tomorrow Earth will be struck with a " doomsday " cosmic ray ( they can only calculate an upper limit for the likelihood ).

Physicists and acoustic engineers tend to discuss sound pressure levels in terms of frequencies, partly because this is how our ears interpret sound.

* Arfken, George B. and Hans J. Weber, Mathematical Methods for Physicists, 6th edition ( Harcourt: San Diego, 2005 ).

An Advanced Treatment for Chemists and Physicists, North-Holland, Amsterdam.

Physicists struggled with this problem, which later became known as the ultraviolet catastrophe, unsuccessfully for many years.

Biographies of Famous Electrochemists and Physicists Contributed to Understanding of Electricity.

Physicists assumed, morever, that like mechanical waves, light waves required a medium for propagation, and thus required Huygens's idea of an aether " gas " permeating all space.

Physicists also call one-dimensional orthogonal projectors pure states and other density operators mixed states.

Physicists Gustave le Bon and P. Audollet and spiritualist

Physicists can measure when they can find the operations by which they may meet the necessary criteria ; psychologists have but to do the same.

Physicists often use the way each interpretation deals with Schrödinger's cat as a way of illustrating and comparing the particular features, strengths, and weaknesses of each interpretation.

) Physicists have not found any natural process which would be predicted to form a wormhole naturally in the context of general relativity, although the quantum foam hypothesis is sometimes used to suggest that tiny wormholes might appear and disappear spontaneously at the Planck scale, and stable versions of such wormholes have been suggested as dark matter candidates.

Physicists were initially uncertain of the nature of X-rays, although it was soon suspected ( correctly ) that they were waves of electromagnetic radiation, in other words, another form of light.

* Physicists develop M-theory.

Physicists have long been aware that there are solutions to the theory of general relativity which contain closed timelike curves, or CTCs — see for example the Gödel metric.

Physicists showed in the 1920s that in gas at extremely low densities, electrons can populate excited metastable energy levels in atoms and ions which at higher densities are rapidly de-excited by collisions.

Physicists have testified at United States Congressional hearings, however, that weapons with yields of 10 kilotons ( 42 TJ ) or less can produce a very large EMP.

Physicists who study the electrical properties of matter at the microscopic level use a closely related and more general vector equation, sometimes also referred to as Ohm's law, having variables that are closely related to the V, I, and R scalar variables of Ohm's law, but which are each functions of position within the conductor.

Physicists from across Europe ( and sometimes further abroad ) often visited the Institute to confer with Bohr on new theories and discoveries.

Physicists coordinate the beams so that they collide at the centers of two 5, 000-ton detectors DØ and CDF inside the Tevatron tunnel at energies of 1. 96 TeV, revealing the structure of matter at the smallest scale.

Physicists would contribute by assessing the changes in light transmission in the receiving waters.

Physicists working on the project adopted the name " barn " for a unit equal to 10 < sup >− 24 </ sup > square centimetres, about the size of a uranium nucleus.

But on one occasion when I encountered a similar fantasy in a little boy who was my patient I began to understand the uncanny effects of this story.

`` He was not much older than myself, '' writes the narrator, `` when he began to feel the impact of that human mystery which now obsesses me, and which makes me begin, perhaps, to understand him ''.

`` The political and intellectual Left began fighting humor and comedy years ago, because they fear things they do not understand and cannot manage, such as satire and irony, such as humor and comedy.

When people started to study scientifically how to fly, people began to understand the basics of air and aerodynamics.

During this period Pissarro began to understand and appreciate the importance of expressing on canvas the beauties of nature without adulteration.

As he began to understand physics and how physicists were using mathematics, he developed a coherent mathematical theory for what he found, most importantly in the area of integral equations.

However, the modern science of genetics, which seeks to understand the process of inheritance, only began with the work of Gregor Mendel in the mid-19th century.

Serious efforts to understand how proteins are encoded began after the structure of DNA was discovered by James Watson and Francis Crick, who used the experimental evidence of Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin ( among others ).

Hildegard says that she first saw " The Shade of the Living Light " at the age of three, and by the age of five she began to understand that she was experiencing visions.

However, the lectures were given in the English language, which Mao could not understand, and so he soon abandoned this and began attendance at the government-run Changsha Middle School ; he soon dropped out of this too, finding its courses too rooted in old Confucian ideas and traditions.

Again, these dates are meant as a tool to help understand the types of procedure in use, not as a rigid boundary where one system stopped and another began.

Martin, who said “ I ’ d never understand the law ” ( p. 19 ), began singing outside the courtroom where her father worked every Saturday night at a bandstand where the town band played.

Management circles became increasingly aware of the Theory of Constraints in the 1980s, and began to understand that " every production process has a limiting factor " somewhere in the chain of production.

During this time Balzac began to understand the vagaries of human nature.

The Mafia began to understand that Falcone was even more dangerous in Rome than he had been in Palermo.

For Reform Jews, the prophecy of Moses was not the highest degree of prophecy ; rather it was the first in a long chain of progressive revelations in which mankind gradually began to understand the will of God better and better.

Academics began to understand the origins and corrected etymology of the brown rat towards the end of the 19th century, as seen in the 1895 text Natural History by American scholar Alfred Henry Miles:

Chagall had been so involved with his art, that it was not until October 1940, after the Vichy government, at the behest of the Nazi occupying forces, began approving anti-Semitic laws, that he began to understand what was happening.

As I went back over each step of the operation, I began to understand what must have happened.

"... I now began to understand things hitherto so strange, the love the mighty monarch felt for his fair Grecian slave, Antinous, who -- like unto Christ -- died for his master's sake.

It was not until the beginning of the 20th century that scholars began to understand Pascal's intention.

Fox's journal reflected his growing excitement at the reception he had received as he began to understand how deeply moved Canadians were by his efforts.

Some fans, generally those with some Japanese language experience, began producing amateur subtitled copies of new anime programs so that they could share them with their fellow fans who did not understand Japanese.