A different approach to the debate has been taken by other historians, including David Fromkin, author of Europe's Last Summer: Who Started the Great War in 1914 ?, and David Stevenson, author of Cataclysm: The First World War as Political Tragedy.

Political historians complain that social historians are likely to put too much stress on the dimensions of class, gender and race, reflecting a leftist political agenda that assumes outsiders in politics are more interesting than the actual decision makers.

Political scientists, historians, and practitioners of international relations ( diplomats ) have used the following concepts of political power:

Political scientists and historians have divided the development of America's two-party system into five eras.

Political scientists and historians often disagree about which elections are realignments and what defines a realignment, and even whether realignments occur.

Nevertheless, some historians maintain their original, higher estimates, among them Stalin biographer Simon Sebag Montefiore, Perestroika architect and former head of the Presidential Committee for the Rehabilitation of Victims of Political Repression Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev, and the director of Yale's " Annals of Communism " series Jonathan Brent, putting the death toll at about 20 million.

Political historians concede that Noriega did not rule on his own, but followed Odría's commands.

Most historians however agree that faction fighting had class and political overtones, as depicted for example in the works of William Carleton and James S. Donnelly's " Irish Peasants: Violence & Political Unrest, 1780 ".

Although some historians have identified Garrard as a member of the Danville Political Club, a secret debating society that was active in Danville, Kentucky, from 1786 to 1790, his name is not found in the Club's official membership records.

Garrard's biographer, H. E. Everman, concludes that these historians may have mistaken Garrard's membership in the Kentucky Society for the Promotion of Useful Knowledge for membership in the Danville Political Club.

Political map showing states which have officially recognized the Armenian Genocide.

Political theorists have identified two groupings within the Communist Party

Political leaders are known to have claimed actual divinity in certain early societies — the ancient Egyptian Pharaohs being the premier case — taking a role as objects of worship and being credited with superhuman status and powers.

Noam Chomsky argues in Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media that people in modern society consist of decision-makers and social participants who have to be made to agree.

Political tensions with neighboring countries like Peru over mining and other resources to support the growing population, and struggles between the growing urban mestizo population and indigenous peoples over land and resources have underlined the political struggles in recent years.

Political contacts between India and Afghanistan have increased in 2011, especially after the death of Osama bin Laden in Pakistan.

Political scientist James McClellan, from the University of Virginia, considered Bacon to have had " a great following " in the American colonies.

Political organizations and writers, as well as Aristide himself, have suggested that the rebellion was in fact a foreign controlled coup d ' état.

Political and economic instability, social unrest, corruption, natural disasters, and terrorism have slowed progress.

Political relations between Iraq and Syria have in the past seen difficulties, however, new diplomatic relations described by both sides as " Historic " were established in November 2006, beginning an era of close cooperation and political friendship between Iraq and Syria.

Though states ( or increasingly, international organizations ) are usually the only ones with standing to address a violation of international law, some treaties, such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights have an optional protocol that allows individuals who have had their rights violated by member states to petition the international Human Rights Committee.

Political stability, good communications, easy access to other European centres, skilled multilingual staff, a tradition of banking secrecy and cross-border financial expertise have all contributed to the growth of the financial sector.

Political leaders continue to discuss plans to end this turmoil, but none of the talks have been successful.

Political analyst and former guerrilla León Valencia has estimated that FARC's numbers have been reduced to around 11, 000 from their 18, 000 peak but cautions against considering the group a defeated force.

Political differences tend to have their roots in the roles that groups and individuals played during the years of communist rule and the struggle for independence.

Political relations between Iraq and Syria have in the past seen difficulties, however, new diplomatic relations described by both sides as " Historic " were established in November 2006, beginning an era of close cooperation and political friendship between

According to The American Political Science Association, over the past 2004 presidential election, the women's vote may have well decided the outcome of the race.

Other states have enacted similar laws through a variety of legal means, including signing and ratifying or otherwise giving effect to key conventions such as the European Convention on Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

Political considerations have now increased the number of standard time zones to 40.

Though many scholars have suggested that labor unions were leading figures in this coalition, no significant labor leaders attended the convention, with the exception of the heads of the Congress of Industrial Organizations Political Action Committee ( CIOPAC ), Jack Kroll and A. F.

Ashcraft and Goldsmith ( 1983 ) have traced in detail in the period 1689 to 1710 the major influence of the liberal political ideas of John Locke on Whig political values, as expressed in widely cited manifestos such as " Political Aphorisms: or, the True Maxims of Government Displayed ," an anonymous pamphlet that appeared in 1690 and was widely cited by Whigs.

Political Greens have social justice concerns that go beyond ecology and ecological issues and matters.

The claim for the women's vote appears to have been first made by Jeremy Bentham in 1817 when he published his Plan of Parliamentary Reform in the form of a Catechism and was taken up by William Thompson in 1825, when he published, with Anna Wheeler, An Appeal of One Half the Human Race, Women, Against the Pretensions of the Other Half, Men, to Retain Them in Political, and Thence in Civil and Domestic Slavery: In Reply to Mr. Mill's Celebrated Article on Government.

He was born Lionel Boyd Johnson in 1891 and attended the London School of Economics to study Political Science, only to have his education cut short by World War I.

Hilail Gildin responded to Dannhauser's reading in " Déjà Jew All Over Again: Dannhauser on Leo Strauss and Atheism ," an article published in Interpretation: A Journal of Political Philosophy.

On the Washington Congressional Election 2010 Political Courage Test, Hastings responded that he is favor of charter schools, gun owners ' rights, and the line-item veto.

Golinger responded by referring to a National Democratic Institute ( NDI, one of the four institutes funded by NED ) report from 2007 describing Pachakutik being trained by the NDI in " Triangle of Party Best Practices and strategic planning methodologies " as part of NDI's Latin American / Caribbean Political Party Network of over 1400 individual members, funded under NED Core Grants 2000-031, 2001-048, 2003-028, and 2004-036.

Political theoretical understanding, although almost at a standstill during this century, did develop during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and resulted in a flood of inventions which increased the possibility for man to coexist with man.

Political observers say that Armenia's economic cooperation with Russia has been one of the least transparent areas of the Armenian government ’ s work.

* Political songs: Alcaeus often composed on a political theme, covering the power struggles on Lesbos with the passion and vigour of a partisan, cursing his opponents, rejoicing in their deaths, delivering blood-curdling homilies on the consequences of political inaction and exhorting his comrades to heroic defiance, as in one of his ' ship of state ' allegories.

" America's History of Crazy Political Assassins Didn't Begin with Loughner ", History News Network, Jan. 28, 2011.

Political authority ran from local electoral bosses in the provinces through the congressional and executive branches, which reciprocated with payoffs from taxes on nitrate sales.

* Paths of Resistance: The Art and Craft of the Political Novel ( 1989, with Isabel Allende, Marge Piercy, Robert Stone and Gore Vidal )

The 72 signatories and 166 parties to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights recognise this rule, under Article 14 ( 7 ): No one shall be liable to be tried or punished again for an offence for which he has already been finally convicted or acquitted in accordance with the law and penal procedure of each country.

After his return from exile in India and Sikkim during January 1913, he assumed control of foreign relations and dealt directly with the Maharaja and the British Political officer in Sikkim and the king of Nepal rather than letting the Kashag or parliament do it.

The school's Department of Political Science similarly operates the Centre for Foreign Policy Studies, which is primarily concerned with the fields of Canadian and American foreign, security and defence policy-including maritime security policy.

Political power was to be concentrated in Parliament, with a lesser role for the Senate.

* Paul J. Dosal, Doing Business with the Dictators: A Political History of United Fruit in Guatemala 1899-1944, Wilmington, De., Scholarly Resources 1993

Political geography is concerned with the study of both the spatially uneven outcomes of political processes and the ways in which political processes are themselves affected by spatial structures.

The Haitian general election, 1995 in June 1995 saw Aristide's coalition, the Lavalas ( Waterfall ) Political Organization, gain a sweeping victory, and René Préval, a prominent Aristide political ally, elected President with 88 % of the vote.

Political institutions and parties were allowed to function, which was combined with electoral manipulation and strong-arming of those not willing to cooperate into submission.

The Political Department of the JNC was responsible for relations with the Arabs, ties with the Jewish Agency and negotiations with the British.

Political historian James Jupp says that, in domestic policy, Holt identified with the reformist wing of Victorian Liberalism.

* Political risk insurance is a form of casualty insurance that can be taken out by businesses with operations in countries in which there is a risk that revolution or other political conditions could result in a loss.

* The Political writings of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, edited from the original MCS and authentic editions with introduction and notes by C. E. Vaughan, Blackwell, Oxford, 1962.

On the Social Contract, with the Geneva Manuscript and Political Economy by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, translated by Judith R Masters.

As Political Commissar serving co-equally with Stalin, Voroshilov was responsible for the morale of the 1st Cavalry Army, which was composed chiefly of peasants from southern Russia.