Since 1994, the United Nations Human Rights Committee has also ruled that such laws violate the right to privacy guaranteed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

Political privacy has been a concern since voting systems emerged in ancient times.

Since 1994, the United Nations Human Rights Committee has also ruled that such laws violated the right to privacy guaranteed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

Political privacy has been a concern since voting systems emerged in ancient times.

Political privacy concerns extend far beyond dealings with voting and legislative systems, however.

" Political liberties being to a degree dependent on basic rights of political privacy and expression of views without retribution, this could be applied to modern contexts to argue strongly against such measures as Total Information Awareness.

* Political privacy

* A 2005 analysis of digital media strategies published by the American Academy of Political Science took the view that new technologies enable " political elites " to use database and Internet technologies to do opposition research more easily, but they use data-mining techniques that outrage privacy advocates and surreptitious technologies that few Internet users understand.

In 1994, the United Nations Human Rights Council ( UNHRC ) confirmed in Toonen v. Australia that laws criminalizing consensual same-sex activity violate both the right to privacy and the right to equality before the law without any discrimination, contrary to Article 17 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ( the " Covenant ").

The Initiative was launched in the 60th Anniversary year of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( UDHR ) and is based on internationally recognized laws and standards for human rights on freedom of expression and privacy set out in the UDHR, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ( ICCPR ) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ( ICESCR ).

The Dictionary of Politics: Selected American and Foreign Political and Legal Terms defines the term Alford plea as: " A plea under which a defendant may choose to plead guilty, not because of an admission to the crime, but because the prosecutor has sufficient evidence to place a charge and to obtain conviction in court.

* Political capital, means by which a politician or political party may gain support or popularity

* Political activity: Trade unions may promote legislation favourable to the interests of their members or workers as a whole.

# Political power: The hassle of registration may reduce the number of gun owners, and thus the political power of the gun-ownership bloc.

Political parties may be formed ; most are based on sectarian interests.

Political philosophy is the study of such topics as politics, liberty, justice, property, rights, law, and the enforcement of a legal code by authority: what they are, why ( or even if ) they are needed, what, if anything, makes a government legitimate, what rights and freedoms it should protect and why, what form it should take and why, what the law is, and what duties citizens owe to a legitimate government, if any, and when it may be legitimately overthrown, if ever.

According to Chaturvedy, "... Political scientists may serve as advisers to specific politicians, or even run for office as politicians themselves.

In context of procedural law ; procedural rights may also refer not exhaustively to rights to Information, rights to justice, rights to participation which those rights encompassing, general Civil and Political rights.

According to The American Political Science Association, over the past 2004 presidential election, the women's vote may have well decided the outcome of the race.

Marx sometimes used the term " productive forces " equivalently with " factors of production ;" in Capital, he uses " factors of production ," in his famous Preface to the Critique of Political Economy, he uses " productive forces " ( note that this is in the English versions and may depend on the translation.

For example, in The Political Question of Presidential Succession, Northwestern University Professor Steven G. Calabresi suggests that this Act's constitutionality may be a political question.

Political offices may also be held in corporations, and other entities that are governed by self-defined political processes.

The underlying theory of the Political Compass is that political views may be better measured along two separate and independent axes.

On July 30, 1993, explicit clarification of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Article 18 was made in the United Nations Human Rights Committee general comment 22, Paragraph 11: " The Covenant does not explicitly refer to a right to conscientious objection, but the Committee believes that such a right can be derived from article 18, inasmuch as the obligation to use lethal force may seriously conflict with the freedom of conscience and the right to manifest one's religion or belief.

Political conditions, such as difficulty in adoption proceedings, may also contribute to child abandonment, as can the lack of institutions, such as orphanages, to take in children whom their parents cannot support.

Political considerations may be a sufficient explanation for the conciliatory attitude.

Amongst his economic works may be mentioned Money and the Mechanism of Exchange ( 1875 ), written in a popular style, and descriptive rather than theoretical, but wonderfully fresh and original in treatment and full of suggestiveness, a Primer on Political Economy ( 1878 ), The State in Relation to Labour ( 1882 ), and two works published after his death, namely, Methods of Social Reform and Investigations in Currency and Finance, containing papers that had appeared separately during his lifetime.

Political observers now suggest it is possible that the allegations against Coleman may have handed victory to Al Franken, who ended up winning the seat by a razor-thin margin of a few hundred votes after a contentious recount process.

Private organizations are legally prohibited from using these data to solicit new individual donors ( and the FEC authorizes campaigns to include a limited number of " dummy " names as a measure to prevent this ), but may use this information to solicit Political Action Committees.

Political events, for example, when governments change due to regime change, monarchy collapse, military occupation, and coup may disrupt oil and gas production and create shortages.

Political officer may refer to:

The Remarks on the Use and Abuse of some Political Terms ( London, 1832 ) may have been suggested by Jeremy Bentham's Book of Parliamentary Fallacies, but it shows all that power of clear, original thinking which marks his larger and later political works.

Political activist and author Tim Wise, however, argues that the emergence of red-baiting may be motivated by racism towards U. S. President Barack Obama and fear that the progressive policies of his administration will erode white privilege in the United States.

Political factors such as lobbying of government by polluters may also tend to reduce the level of the tax levied, which will tend to reduce the mitigating effect of the tax ; lobbying of government by special interests who calculate the negative utility of the externality higher than others may also tend to increase the level of the tax levied, which will tend to result in a sub-optimal level of production.

Sessions devoted to `` Ethics and Foreign Policy Trends '', `` Moral Principle and Political Judgment '', `` Christian Ethics in the Cold War '' and related subjects proved to be much livelier under this procedure than if Catholics were merely talking to themselves.

The 72 signatories and 166 parties to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights recognise this rule, under Article 14 ( 7 ): No one shall be liable to be tried or punished again for an offence for which he has already been finally convicted or acquitted in accordance with the law and penal procedure of each country.

Noam Chomsky argues in Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media that people in modern society consist of decision-makers and social participants who have to be made to agree.

Political power was to be concentrated in Parliament, with a lesser role for the Senate.

The rights espoused in the UN charter would be codified and defined in the International Bill of Human Rights, composing the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.

The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ( ICCPR ) states that " any advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence shall be prohibited by law ".

Political and environmental considerations make it unlikely such an engine will be used in the foreseeable future, since nuclear thermal rockets would be most useful at or near the Earth's surface and the consequences of a malfunction could be disastrous.

* Political risk insurance is a form of casualty insurance that can be taken out by businesses with operations in countries in which there is a risk that revolution or other political conditions could result in a loss.

In 1793, William Godwin, who has often been cited as the first anarchist, wrote Political Justice, which some consider to be the first expression of anarchism.

Political and social attention increased, and debate started about the effectiveness of the TBS-system and if convicts should be granted leave from TBS-clinics.

This is clear from the Discourse on Political Economy, where Rousseau emphasizes that the general will exists to protect individuals against the mass, not to require them to be sacrificed to it.

Political scientist J. S. Maloy states that “ the twentieth century added Nazism and Stalinism to Jacobinism on the list of horrors for which Rousseau could be blamed.

On 1 April 1923, Shaikh Ahmad al-Sabah wrote the British Political Agent in Kuwait, Major John More, " I still do not know what the border between Iraq and Kuwait is, I shall be glad if you will kindly give me this information.

In the meantime, an Interim Political Authority ( IPA ), charged with reviewing the electoral structure in the country, was created in December 1998 and devised a proportional electoral system to ensure that there be opposition in the National Assembly.

Political nihilism is rather different from other forms of nihilism, and is generally considered to be more like a form of utilitarianism.

Whereas the TTAPS paper described a 3000 MT counterforce attack on ICBM sites, Michael Altfed of the Michigan State University and Political Scientist Stephen Cimbala of Pennsylvania State University maintained that with the trend towards smaller more accurate warheads in the United States and Soviet Nuclear Arsenals the same counterforce attack could be conducted with 1 / 1000th of that yield.

Political philosophy can also be understood by analysing it through the perspectives of metaphysics, epistemology and axiology.

Political scientists can be found working in governments, in political parties or as civil servants.

The antecedents of Western politics can be traced back to the Socratic political philosophers, Plato ( 427 – 347 BC ), Xenophon ( c. 430 – 354 BC ), and Aristotle (" The Father of Political Science ") ( 384 – 322 BC ).

Michael Freeden in his study Ideologies and Political Theory ( 1996 ) states that all socialists share five themes: the first is that socialism posits that society is more than a mere collection of individuals ; second, that it considers human welfare a desirable objective ; third, that it considers humans by nature to be active and productive ; fourth, it holds the belief of human equality ; and fifth, that history is progressive and will create positive change on the condition that humans work to achieve such change.