* 1303 – The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII.

In 1392 he entered the service of Pope Boniface IX, first working in Bologna and then in Rome.

Saint Boniface ( c 680 – 750 ), Pope Gregory I ( c 540 – 604, r. 590 – 604 ), Adalbert of Egmond ( 8th century ), and priest Jeroen van Noordwijk, depicted in a 1529 painting by Jan Joostsz van Hillegom, currently on display at the Frans Hals Museum.

Some notable collectors were Pope Boniface VIII, Emperor Maximilian of the Holy Roman Empire, Louis XIV of France, Ferdinand I, Henry IV of France and Elector Joachim II of Brandenburg, who started the Berlin Coin Cabinet ( German: Münzkabinett Berlin ).

The latter three appealed to Pope Boniface VIII who ordered Jacopo to return the land, and furthermore hand over the family's strongholds of Colonna, Palestrina, and other towns to the Papacy.

The Colonna family ( aside from the three brothers allied with the Pope ) declared that Boniface had been elected illegally following the unprecedented abdication of Pope Celestine V three years previously.

Family enmity with Pope Boniface VIII led to destruction of the fortress at Palestrina and to the seizure of the Pope at Anagni by Sciarra Colonna in 1303.

* Sciarra Colonna, who took part in the Outrage of Anagni against Pope Boniface IV

He directed another epistle to Pope Boniface IV, in which he prays that, if it be not contrary to the Faith, he confirm the tradition of his elders, so that by the papal decision ( judicium ) he and his monks may be enabled to follow the rites of their ancestors.

At the request of the king, he wrote a letter to Pope Boniface on the debated subject of " The Three Chapters ".

* 1294 – Pope Boniface VIII is elected Pope, replacing St. Celestine V, who had resigned.

The town is first mentioned in 742 under the name of " Erphesfurt ": in that year, Saint Boniface writes Pope Zachary to tell him that he had established three dioceses in Thuringia, one of which " in a place called Erphesfurt, which for a long time has been inhabited by pagan natives.

* St Vergilius of Salzburg ( c. 700 – 784 ), in the middle of the eighth century, discussed or taught some geographical or cosmographical ideas which St Boniface found sufficiently objectionable that he complained about them to Pope Zachary.

This anachronism appears to link the Gospel of Barnabas to the declaration of a Holy Year in 1300 by Pope Boniface VIII ; a Jubilee which he then decreed should be repeated every hundred years.

According to Bede, Justus received letters of encouragement from Pope Boniface V ( 619 – 625 ), as did Mellitus, although Bede does not record the actual letters.

Justus became Archbishop of Canterbury in 624, receiving his pallium — the symbol of the jurisdiction entrusted to archbishops — from Pope Boniface V, following which Justus consecrated Romanus as his successor at Rochester.

Joinville was a close friend, confidant, and counsellor to the king, and also participated as a witness in the papal inquest into Louis ' life that ended with his canonisation in 1297 by Pope Boniface VIII.

Pope Boniface VIII proclaimed the canonization of Louis in 1297 ; he is the only French monarch to be declared a saint.

Mellitus attended a council of bishops held in Italy in February 610, convened by Pope Boniface IV.

* 1302 – Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull Unam sanctam ( One Faith ).

* 607 – Pope Boniface III, Roman-born ( birth date unknown )

# REDIRECT Pope Alexander VIII

In the list of popes given in the Holy See's annual directory, Annuario Pontificio, the following note is attached to the name of Pope Leo VIII ( 963 – 965 ): At this point, as again in the mid-eleventh century, we come across elections in which problems of harmonising historical criteria and those of theology and canon law make it impossible to decide clearly which side possessed the legitimacy whose factual existence guarantees the unbroken lawful succession of the successors of Saint Peter.

With the death of the Barberini Pope Urban VIII in 1644 and the accession of the Pamphilj Pope Innocent X, the Barberini family and their favorite artist, Bernini, fell into disrepute.

During the English Reformation the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church, at first temporarily under Henry VIII and Edward VI and later permanently during the reign of Elizabeth I.

Eventually, the Knights handed Cem over to Pope Innocent VIII ( 1484 – 1492 ).

In 1830, Pope Pius VIII bestowed upon Bernard the title " Doctor of the Church ".

Pope Benedict VIII during his visit to Bamberg ( 1020 ) placed the diocese in direct dependence on the Holy See.

The first native Croatian ruler recognised by the Pope was duke Branimir, whom Pope John VIII referred to as Dux Croatorum (" Duke of Croats ") in 879.

The Council entrusted to the Pope the implementation of its work ; as a result, Pope Pius IV issued the Tridentine Creed in 1565 ; and Pope Pius V issued in 1566 the Roman Catechism, in 1568 a revised Roman Breviary, and in 1570 a revised Roman Missal, thus standardizing what since the 20th century has been called the Tridentine Mass ( from the city's Latin name Tridentum ), and Pope Clement VIII issued in 1592 a revised edition of the Vulgate.

In 1627 Anna Colonna, daughter of Filippo I Colonna, married Taddeo Barberini of the family Barberini ; nephew of Pope Urban VIII.

* 1187 – Pope Gregory VIII

That dynasty ended in 1626 when Pope Urban VIII incorporated Urbino into the papal dominions.

* 1484 – Pope Innocent VIII issues the Summis desiderantes, a papal bull that deputizes Heinrich Kramer and James Sprenger as inquisitors to root out alleged witchcraft in Germany and leads to one of the most oppressive witch hunts in European history.

* 1830 – Pope Pius VIII ( b. 1761 )

The Pope sent as nuncio extraordinary to Ireland, Giovanni Battista Rinuccini, archbishop of Fermo, who arrived at Kilkenny with a large quantity of arms, military supplies including twenty thousand pounds of gunpowder, and a very large sum of money .< ref >" con somme cospicue di pecunia ed altre munizioni ", G. Alazzi, Nunciatura in Irlanda di Monsignor Gio.

Of this rite, what is now the " ordinary " or, to use a word employed in the Letter of Pope Benedict XVI accompanying the motu proprio Summorum Pontificum, the " normal " form is that which developed from the Second Vatican Council to the present day, while the form in force in 1962 is authorized as an extraordinary form of the Roman Rite without restriction in private celebrations and under certain conditions in public celebrations.

" Since then, the term " ordinary form " is often used to distinguish this form of the Roman Rite of Mass from the Tridentine Mass, the 1962 edition of which Pope Benedict declared in his motu proprio to be an authorized " extraordinary form ".

The Pope stated that the 1962 edition of the Roman Missal is to be considered as an " extraordinary form " ( forma extraordinaria ) of the Roman Rite, of which the Missal as revised by Pope Paul VI in 1970 is the ordinary, normal or standard form.

The 1962 version, whose use is authorized by the motu proprio Summorum Pontificum as an extraordinary form of the Roman Rite, divides liturgical days into I, II, III, and IV class days, as decreed by Pope John XXIII in 1960.

Although Omne Datum Optimum was an unusual bull in and of itself, it was followed by Pope Celestine II's Milites Templi in 1144 and Pope Eugene III's Militia Dei in 1145, which together gave the Templars an extraordinary range of rights and privileges.

In Christianity, the tradition dates to 1300, when Pope Boniface VIII convoked a holy year, following which ordinary jubilees have generally been celebrated every 25 or 50 years ; with extraordinary jubilees in addition depending on need.

Examples of infallible extraordinary papal definitions ( and, hence, of teachings of the sacred magisterium ) are Pope Pius IX's definition of the Immaculate Conception of Mary, and Pope Pius XII's definition of the Assumption of Mary.

Pope John Paul II specifically clarified that the reservation of ordination to males is infallible under the infallibility of the ordinary and universal magisterium of the Church, without issuing a corresponding extraordinary papal definition.

" It has been suggested that Pope John Paul II did this to remind everyone that the ordinary and universal magisterium is also infallible, and that an extraordinary definition is not necessary to make a teaching irrevocably binding and demanding of supernatural faith.

Pope Leo X issued the papal bull Debitum Pastoralis in 1520 giving extraordinary powers to Philip of Burgundy, 57th Bishop of Utrecht, essentially removing the ability of any external authority to " in the first instance, have his cause evoked to any external tribunal, not even under pretense of any apostolic letters whatever ; and that all such proceedings should be, ipso facto, null and void ".

The accomplished abbate was sent on this delicate mission in 1696, with the title of envoy extraordinary, and he fulfilled his difficult task so well that Pope Innocent XI, in recognition of certain privileges he had secured for the Hanoverian Catholics, consecrated him bishop of Spiga in the Spanish West Indies.

In 1646 he became secretary to the queen regent Anne of Austria ; in 1653 obtained high office in the kings household ; and in 1654 was ambassador extraordinary at the election of Pope Alexander VII.

Examples of infallible extraordinary papal definitions ( and, hence, of teachings of the sacred magisterium ) are Pope Pius IX's definition of the Immaculate Conception of Mary, and Pope Pius XII's definition of the Assumption of Mary.

Pope John Paul II specifically clarified that the reservation of ordination to males is infallible under the infallibility of the ordinary and universal magisterium of the Church, without issuing a corresponding extraordinary papal definition.

" It has been suggested that Pope John Paul II did this to remind everyone that the ordinary and universal magisterium is also infallible, and that an extraordinary definition is not necessary to make a teaching irrevocably binding and demanding of supernatural faith.

Examples of de fide tenenda teachings taught by extraordinary definition include the canonizations of Saints and Pope Leo XIII's declaration of Anglican orders as null and void ( so-called " dogmatic facts ").

* July 7, 2007: Motu proprio Summorum Pontificum is issued by Pope Benedict XVI explicitly liberating the Roman Missal of 1962 as an extraordinary form of the Roman Rite.

Just like the preceding account, this text directly links the death of the Pope to an “ extraordinary ” event, which could have been done to justify a miracle associated with the deceased, in order to facilitate his canonisation ( which was carried out by Pope Victor III in 1087 ).