Popper argued that totalitarianism was founded on " conspiracy theories " which drew on imaginary plots driven by paranoid scenarios predicated on tribalism, chauvinism, or racism.

Popper argued that this would require the inference of a general rule from a number of individual cases, which is inadmissible in deductive logic.

The Austrian-English philosopher Karl Popper attacked a peculiar version of historicism along with the ( hard ) determinism which he argued were at its root.

In The Open Society and its Enemies ( 1945 ), Karl Popper argued that the principle ' maximize pleasure ' should be replaced by ' minimize pain '.

The actual term Negative Utilitarianism was introduced by R. N. Smart as the title to his 1958 reply to Popper in which he argued that the principle would entail seeking the quickest and least painful method of killing the entirety of humanity.

The philosopher of science Elliott Sober once argued along the same lines as Popper, tying simplicity with " informativeness ": The simplest theory is the more informative one, in the sense that less information is required in order to answer one's questions.

Karl Popper argued that probability theory alone cannot account for induction.

However, Karl Popper argued that a number statement such as " 2 apples + 2 apples

In his discussion with Albert Einstein, Karl Popper argued against determinism:

Popper argued that justification is not needed at all, and seeking justification " begs for an authoritarian answer ".

Billionaire investor and political activist George Soros, a disciple of Karl Popper, has argued that the sophisticated use of powerful techniques of deception borrowed from modern advertising and cognitive science by political operatives such as Frank Luntz and Karl Rove casts doubt on Popper's original conception of open society.

The proposal originated with Frank J. Popper and Deborah Popper, who argued in a 1987 essay that the current use of the drier parts of the plains is not sustainable.

At the end of his lectures, Carr criticized a number of conservative / liberal historians and philosophers such as Hugh Trevor-Roper, Sir Karl Popper, Admiral Samuel Eliot Morison, Sir Lewis Bernstein Namier and Michael Oakeshott, and argued that " progress " in the world was against them.

Popper, who was granted rights by the Argentine government to exploit any gold deposits he found in Tierra del Fuego, has been pointed as a central figure in what is called the Selknam Genocide.

The demarcation problem refers to the distinction between science and nonscience ( including pseudoscience ); Karl Popper called this the central question in the philosophy of science.

Popper summarized these statements by saying that the central criterion of the scientific status of a theory is its " falsifiability, or refutability, or testability.

Philosophers, such as Karl R. Popper, have provided influential theories of the scientific method within which scientific evidence plays a central role.

Epistemology, the theory of knowledge, and its basis was a central concern, as seen from the work of Heidegger, Russell, Karl Popper, and Claude Lévi-Strauss.

Popper saw demarcation as a central problem in the philosophy of science.

This problem was central to the philosophy of Karl Popper, largely because Popper was among the first to affirm that truth is the aim of scientific inquiry while acknowledging that most of the greatest scientific theories in the history of science are, strictly speaking, false.

The criterion was first proposed by philosopher of science Karl Popper.

To Popper, science does not rely on induction, instead scientific investigations are inherently attempts to falsify existing theories through novel tests.

Charles Sanders Peirce was a fallibilist and the most developed form of fallibilism can be traced to Karl Popper ( 1902 – 1994 ) whose first book Logik Der Forschung ( The Logic of Scientific Discovery ), 1934 introduced a " conjectural turn " into the philosophy of science and epistemology at large.

Popper stressed that unfalsifiable statements are important in science.

In his philosophy of science, which has much in common with that of his good friend Karl Popper, Hayek was highly critical of what he termed scientism: a false understanding of the methods of science that has been mistakenly forced upon the social sciences, but that is contrary to the practices of genuine science.

Hayek had a long-standing and close friendship with philosopher of science Karl Popper, also from Vienna.

Philosopher of science Karl Popper, in his Conjectures and Refutations, critiqued such claims of the explanatory power or valid application of historical materialism by arguing that it could explain or explain away any fact brought before it, making it unfalsifiable.

Popper denied that science need rely on inductive reasoning, or that inductive reasoning actually exists, although most philosophers think it obvious that science does rely on it.

Many philosophers believe that mathematics is not experimentally falsifiable, and thus not a science according to the definition of Karl Popper.

In the mid-20th century, Karl Popper put forth the criterion of falsifiability to distinguish science from nonscience.

Popper used astrology and psychoanalysis as examples of pseudoscience and Einstein's theory of relativity as an example of science.

In 1948, philosopher of science Karl Popper suggested that there should be a " rational theory of tradition " applied to science which was fundamentally sociological.

Upon his return to Frankfurt, Adorno was influential to the reconstitution of German intellectual life through debates with Karl Popper on the limitations of positivist science, critiques of Heidegger's jargon of authenticity, writings on German responsibility for the Holocaust, and continued interventions into matters of public policy.

According to some philosophers of science ( especially Karl Popper ), for a theory to qualify as hard science it needs to exhibit the following characteristics:

Quasi-empiricism was developed by Imre Lakatos, inspired by the philosophy of science of Karl Popper.

During this time he once interviewed Mahatma Gandhi in Bombay on his own volition ( 10 April 1945 ). Narayanan then went to England ( 1945 ) and studied political science under Harold Laski at the London School of Economics ( LSE ); he also attended lectures by Karl Popper, Lionel Robbins, and Friedrich Hayek.

According to Karl Popper these experiments showed that the class of " hidden variables " Einstein believed in is erroneous.

The concept first popularized by Karl Popper, who, in his philosophical criticism of the popular positivist view of the scientific method, concluded that a hypothesis, proposition, or theory talks about the observable only if it is falsifiable.

In contrast to Positivism, which held that statements are meaningless if they cannot be verified or falsified, Popper claimed that falsifiability is merely a special case of the more general notion of criticizability, even though he admitted that empirical refutation is one of the most effective methods by which theories can be criticized.

Falsifiability is an important concept within the creation – evolution controversy, where proponents of both sides claim that Popper developed falsifiability to denote ideas as unscientific or pseudoscientific and use it to make arguments against the views of the respective other side.

Karl Popper used the term historicism in his influential books The Poverty of Historicism and The Open Society and Its Enemies, to mean: " an approach to the social sciences which assumes that historical prediction is their primary aim, and which assumes that this aim is attainable by discovering the ' rhythms ' or the ' patterns ', the ' laws ' or the ' trends ' that underlie the evolution of history ".

But Sir Karl Popper and I are interactionists, and what is more, trialist interactionists!

* Karl Popper Archive at LSE British Library This is a microfilm copy of the Stanford University Popper Archive of Popper's papers to whose catalogue a weblink is provided.

is: Karl Popper

Popper noted that the outcome of a physical experiment is produced by a certain set of " generating conditions ".

Unlike myth, which is a means of explaining the natural world through means other than logical criticism, scientific tradition was inherited from Socrates, who proposed critical discussion, according to Popper.

The major opposition against the theory of justification ( also called ‘ justificationism ’ in this context ) is nonjustificational criticism ( a synthesis of skepticism and absolutism ) which is most notably held by some of the proponents of critical rationalism: W. W. Bartley, David Miller and Karl Popper.

Our preference for simplicity may be justified by its falsifiability criterion: We prefer simpler theories to more complex ones " because their empirical content is greater ; and because they are better testable " ( Popper 1992 ).